Opoku Agyemang Sampson, Ninonni Jerry, Bennin Lydia, Agyare Elizabeth, Gyimah Leveana, Senya Kafui, Birikorang Emmanuel, Quarshie Emmanuel Nii-Boye, Baddoo Nyonuku Akosua, Addo Stephen Ayisi, Obiri-Yeboah Dorcas
Department of Mental Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Ghana.
Public Health Unit, Cape Coast Teaching Hospital Cape Coast Ghana.
Health Sci Rep. 2022 Aug 8;5(5):e754. doi: 10.1002/hsr2.754. eCollection 2022 Sep.
An important but much less researched burden of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Sub-Saharan Africa includes the associated mental health outcomes of living with the virus. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress, and describe some of the socio-demographic associations among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Ghana.
A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Ghana. Simple random sampling was used to recruit 395 PLHIV who access HIV-related services at the antiretroviral therapy clinic. The Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 was used to assess prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress. Frequencies and percentages were used to estimate the prevalence and multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate sociodemographic factors associated with depression, anxiety, and stress.
The prevalence estimates of depression, anxiety, and stress among PLHIV were 28.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 24.4-33.3), 40.8% (95% CI = 36.0-45.8), and 10.6% (95% CI = 7.9-14.1), respectively. Females reported higher prevalence of depression (32.2%; 95% CI = 27.2-37.7), anxiety (44.0%; 95% CI = 38.4-49.6), and stress (12.6%; 95% CI = 9.4-17.0) compared to depression (17.5%; 95% CI = 11.1-26.4), anxiety (30.9%; 95% CI = 22.5-40.7), and stress (4.1%; 95% CI = 1.2-10.4) among males. PLHIV without a regular partner were about 0.63 increased odds of experiencing anxiety compared to those with a regular partner (AOR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.40-1.00: = 0.049). PLHIV without formal education were about 0.49 and 0.44 increased odds to experience anxiety and stress, respectively compared to those with tertiary education.
Generally, the levels of stress, anxiety, and depression are high among PLHIV, but disproportionately higher among females. Mental health assessment and management should be integrated into the HIV care services. There should be capacity building for health care workers to offer differentiated service delivery based on mental health care needs of PLHIV.
在撒哈拉以南非洲，人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）带来的一个重要但研究较少的负担是感染该病毒后的心理健康状况。本研究旨在估计加纳HIV感染者（PLHIV）中抑郁、焦虑和压力的患病率，并描述一些社会人口学关联。
在加纳海岸角教学医院进行了一项横断面研究。采用简单随机抽样方法，招募了395名在抗逆转录病毒治疗诊所接受HIV相关服务的PLHIV。使用抑郁、焦虑和压力量表-21来评估抑郁、焦虑和压力的患病率。采用频率和百分比来估计患病率，并使用多变量逻辑回归来评估与抑郁、焦虑和压力相关的社会人口学因素。
PLHIV中抑郁、焦虑和压力的患病率估计分别为28.6%（95%置信区间[CI]24.4 - 33.3）、40.8%（95%CI = 36.0 - 45.8）和10.6%（95%CI = 7.9 - 14.1）。与男性相比，女性报告的抑郁（32.2%；95%CI = 27.2 - 37.7）、焦虑（44.0%；95%CI = 38.4 - 49.6）和压力（12.6%；95%CI = 9.4 - 17.0）患病率更高，男性的抑郁患病率为17.5%（95%CI = 11.1 - 26.4）、焦虑患病率为30.9%（95%CI = 22.5 - 40.7）、压力患病率为4.1%（95%CI = 1.2 - 10.4）。与有固定伴侣的PLHIV相比，没有固定伴侣的PLHIV出现焦虑的几率增加约0.63倍（调整后比值比[AOR]=0.63，95%CI = 0.40 - 1.00：P = 0.049）。与受过高等教育的PLHIV相比，未受过正规教育的PLHIV出现焦虑和压力的几率分别增加约0.49倍和0.44倍。
总体而言，PLHIV中的压力、焦虑和抑郁水平较高，但女性中的比例更高。心理健康评估和管理应纳入HIV护理服务中。应为医护人员提供能力建设，以便根据PLHIV的心理健康护理需求提供差异化服务。
