School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2023 Mar 28;33(3):277-287. doi: 10.4014/jmb.2210.10044. Epub 2022 Dec 22.
Since the first discovery of antibiotics, introduction of new antibiotics has been coupled with the occurrence of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Rapid dissemination of ARB and ARGs in the aquatic environments has become a global concern. ARB and ARGs have been already disseminated in the aquatic environments via various routes. Main hosts of most of ARGs were found to belong to Gammaproteobacteria class, including clinically important potential pathogens. Transmission of ARGs also occurs by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) mechanisms between bacterial strains in the aquatic environments, resulting in ubiquity of ARGs. Thus, a few of ARGs and MGEs () have been suggested as indicators for global comparability of contamination level in the aquatic environments. With ARB and ARGs contamination, the occurrence of critical pathogens has been globally issued due to their widespread in the aquatic environments. Thus, active surveillance systems have been launched worldwide. In this review, we described advancement of methodologies for ARGs detection, and occurrence of ARB and ARGs and their dissemination in the aquatic environments. Even though numerous studies have been conducted for ARB and ARGs, there is still no clear strategy to tackle antibiotic resistance (AR) in the aquatic environments. At least, for consistent surveillance, a strict framework should be established for further research in the aquatic environments.
自抗生素首次被发现以来，新抗生素的引入伴随着抗生素耐药菌（ARB）和抗生素耐药基因（ARGs）的出现。ARB 和 ARGs 在水生环境中的快速传播已成为全球关注的焦点。ARB 和 ARGs 已经通过各种途径在水生环境中传播。大多数 ARGs 的主要宿主被发现属于γ变形菌纲，包括临床上重要的潜在病原体。ARGs 也通过水生环境中细菌菌株之间的水平基因转移（HGT）机制进行传播，导致 ARGs 的普遍存在。因此，一些 ARGs 和移动遗传元件（MGEs）被认为是水生环境中污染水平全球可比性的指标。由于 ARB 和 ARGs 的污染，水生环境中关键病原体的出现已经在全球范围内引发，因此，世界各地都启动了主动监测系统。在这篇综述中，我们描述了 ARGs 检测方法的进展，以及 ARB 和 ARGs 的出现及其在水生环境中的传播。尽管已经对 ARB 和 ARGs 进行了大量研究，但仍然没有明确的策略来解决水生环境中的抗生素耐药性（AR）问题。至少，为了进行一致的监测，应该为水生环境中的进一步研究建立一个严格的框架。
