D'Amora Ugo, Dacrory Sawsan, Hasanin Mohamed Sayed, Longo Angela, Soriente Alessandra, Kamel Samir, Raucci Maria Grazia, Ambrosio Luigi, Scialla Stefania
Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council (IPCB-CNR), 80125 Naples, Italy.
Cellulose and Paper Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Cairo 12622, Egypt.
Pharmaceutics. 2023 Jan 19;15(2):338. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020338.
Graphene oxide (GO) and its reduced form (rGO) have recently attracted a fascinating interest due to their physico-chemical properties, which have opened up new and interesting opportunities in a wide range of biomedical applications, such as wound healing. It is worth noting that GO and rGO may offer a convenient access to its ready dispersion within various polymeric matrices (such as cellulose and its derivative forms), owing to their large surface area, based on a carbon skeleton with many functional groups (i.e., hydroxyl, carboxyl, epoxy bridge, and carbonyl moieties). This results in new synergic properties due to the presence of both components (GO or rGO and polymers), acting at different length-scales. Furthermore, they have shown efficient antimicrobial and angiogenic properties, mostly related to the intracellular formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are advantageous in wound care management. For this reason, GO or rGO integration in cellulose-based matrixes have allowed for designing highly advanced multifunctional hybrid nanocomposites with tailored properties. The current review aims to discuss a potential relationship between structural and physico-chemical properties (i.e., size, edge density, surface chemistry, hydrophilicity) of the nanocomposites with antimicrobials and angiogenic mechanisms that synergically influence the wound healing phenomenon, by paying particular attention to recent findings of GO or rGO/cellulose nanocomposites. Accordingly, after providing a general overview of cellulose and its derivatives, the production methods used for GO and rGO synthesis, the mechanisms that guide antimicrobial and angiogenic processes of tissue repair, as well as the most recent and remarkable outcomes on GO/cellulose scaffolds in wound healing applications, will be presented.
氧化石墨烯（GO）及其还原形式（rGO）最近因其物理化学性质而引起了人们极大的兴趣，这些性质为广泛的生物医学应用（如伤口愈合）带来了新的有趣机遇。值得注意的是，由于其具有大表面积，基于带有许多官能团（即羟基、羧基、环氧桥和羰基部分）的碳骨架，GO和rGO可能便于在各种聚合物基质（如纤维素及其衍生物形式）中实现其良好分散。由于两种组分（GO或rGO与聚合物）的存在，它们在不同长度尺度上发挥作用，从而产生了新的协同性质。此外，它们还表现出高效的抗菌和促血管生成特性，这主要与细胞内活性氧（ROS）的形成有关，这在伤口护理管理中是有利的。因此，将GO或rGO整合到基于纤维素的基质中，可以设计出具有定制性能的高度先进的多功能杂化纳米复合材料。本综述旨在讨论纳米复合材料的结构和物理化学性质（即尺寸、边缘密度、表面化学、亲水性）与抗菌和促血管生成机制之间的潜在关系，这些机制协同影响伤口愈合现象，尤其关注GO或rGO/纤维素纳米复合材料的最新研究结果。相应地，在对纤维素及其衍生物进行总体概述之后，将介绍用于GO和rGO合成的生产方法、指导组织修复的抗菌和促血管生成过程的机制，以及GO/纤维素支架在伤口愈合应用中的最新显著成果。
