大西雅图地区超细微粒和其他空气污染物的收入、种族和族裔以及历史红线评级的暴露差异。
Exposure Disparities by Income, Race and Ethnicity, and Historic Redlining Grade in the Greater Seattle Area for Ultrafine Particles and Other Air Pollutants.
机构信息
Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
出版信息
Environ Health Perspect. 2023 Jul;131(7):77004. doi: 10.1289/EHP11662. Epub 2023 Jul 5.
BACKGROUND
Growing evidence shows ultrafine particles (UFPs) are detrimental to cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory health. Historically, racialized and low-income communities are exposed to higher concentrations of air pollution.
OBJECTIVES
Our aim was to conduct a descriptive analysis of present-day air pollution exposure disparities in the greater Seattle, Washington, area by income, race, ethnicity, and historical redlining grade. We focused on UFPs (particle number count) and compared with black carbon, nitrogen dioxide, and fine particulate matter () levels.
METHODS
We obtained race and ethnicity data from the 2010 U.S. Census, median household income data from the 2006-2010 American Community Survey, and Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) redlining data from the University of Richmond's Mapping Inequality. We predicted pollutant concentrations at block centroids from 2019 mobile monitoring data. The study region encompassed much of urban Seattle, with redlining analyses restricted to a smaller region. To analyze disparities, we calculated population-weighted mean exposures and regression analyses using a generalized estimating equation model to account for spatial correlation.
RESULTS
Pollutant concentrations and disparities were largest for blocks with median household income of , Black residents, HOLC Grade D, and ungraded industrial areas. UFP concentrations were 4% lower than average for non-Hispanic White residents and higher than average for racialized groups (Asian, 3%; Black, 15%; Hispanic, 6%; Native American, 8%; Pacific Islander, 11%). For blocks with median household incomes of , UFP concentrations were 40% higher than average, whereas blocks with incomes of had UFP concentrations 16% lower than average. UFP concentrations were 28% higher for Grade D and 49% higher for ungraded industrial areas compared with Grade A. Disparities were highest for UFPs and lowest for exposure levels.
DISCUSSION
Our study is one of the first to highlight large disparities with UFP exposures compared with multiple pollutants. Higher exposures to multiple air pollutants and their cumulative effects disproportionately impact historically marginalized groups. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11662.
背景
越来越多的证据表明，超细颗粒（UFPs）对心血管、脑血管和呼吸系统健康有害。历史上，种族化和低收入社区暴露在更高浓度的空气污染中。
目的
我们旨在通过收入、种族、族裔和历史红线等级，对大西雅图地区当前空气污染暴露差异进行描述性分析。我们专注于 UFPs（颗粒数计数），并将其与黑碳、二氧化氮和细颗粒物 () 水平进行比较。
方法
我们从 2010 年美国人口普查中获得了种族和族裔数据，从 2006-2010 年美国社区调查中获得了家庭中位数收入数据，并从里士满大学的“绘图不平等”中获得了房主贷款公司（HOLC）红线数据。我们从 2019 年的移动监测数据中预测了污染物在街区中心点的浓度。研究区域涵盖了西雅图的大部分市区，红线分析仅限于较小的区域。为了分析差异，我们使用广义估计方程模型计算了人口加权平均暴露量和回归分析，以考虑空间相关性。
结果
家庭中位数收入为 、黑人居民、HOLC 等级 D 和未评级工业区的街区，污染物浓度和差异最大。非西班牙裔白人居民的 UFP 浓度比平均水平低 4%，而种族化群体（亚洲人，3%；黑人，15%；西班牙裔，6%；美洲原住民，8%；太平洋岛民，11%）的 UFP 浓度高于平均水平。家庭中位数收入为 的街区 UFP 浓度比平均水平高 40%，而收入为 的街区 UFP 浓度比平均水平低 16%。与等级 A 相比，D 等级的 UFP 浓度高 28%，未评级工业区的 UFP 浓度高 49%。UFPs 的差异最大，而 暴露水平的差异最小。
讨论
我们的研究是首批强调与多种污染物相比，UFPs 暴露存在较大差异的研究之一。更高的暴露于多种空气污染物及其累积效应不成比例地影响历史上处于边缘地位的群体。https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11662.
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