Amini Khiabani Siamak, Asgharzadeh Mohammad, Samadi Kafil Hossein
Research center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Heliyon. 2023 Aug 7;9(8):e18991. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18991. eCollection 2023 Aug.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) refers to a range of various pathophysiological processes correlated with abnormal renal function and a progressive loss in GFR. Just as dysbiosis and altered pathology of the gut are accompanied with hypertension, which is a significant CKD risk factor. Gut dysbiosis in CKD patients is associated with an elevated levels of uremic toxins, which in turn increases the CKD progression. According to research results, the gut-kidney axis has a role in the formation of kidney stones, also in IgAN. A number of researchers have categorized the gut microbiota as enterotypes, and others, skeptical of theory of enterotypes, have suggested biomarkers to describe taxa that related to lifestyle, nutrition, and disease status. Metabolome-microbiome studies have been used to investigate the interactions of host-gut microbiota in terms of the involvement of metabolites in these interactions and are yielded promising results. The correlation between gut microbiota and CKD requires further multi-omic researches. Also, with regard to systems biology, studies on the communication network of proteins and transporters such as SLC and ABC, can help us achieve a deeper understanding of the gut-liver-kidney axis communication and can thus provide promising new horizons in the treatment of CKD patients. Probiotic-based treatment is an approach to reduce uremic poisoning, which is accomplished by swallowing microbes those can catalyze URS in the gut. If further comprehensive studies are carried out, we will know about the probiotics impact in slowing the renal failure progression and reducing inflammatory markers.
慢性肾脏病（CKD）指的是一系列与肾功能异常及肾小球滤过率（GFR）进行性下降相关的各种病理生理过程。正如肠道菌群失调和肠道病理改变与高血压相伴，而高血压是CKD的一个重要危险因素。CKD患者的肠道菌群失调与尿毒症毒素水平升高有关，这反过来又会加速CKD的进展。根据研究结果，肠-肾轴在肾结石的形成中起作用，在IgA肾病中也如此。一些研究人员将肠道微生物群分类为肠型，而另一些对肠型理论持怀疑态度的人则提出了生物标志物来描述与生活方式、营养和疾病状态相关的分类群。代谢组-微生物组研究已被用于从代谢物在这些相互作用中的参与情况来研究宿主-肠道微生物群的相互作用，并取得了有前景的结果。肠道微生物群与CKD之间的相关性需要进一步的多组学研究。此外，关于系统生物学，对蛋白质和转运蛋白（如SLC和ABC）的通讯网络的研究，可以帮助我们更深入地理解肠-肝-肾轴的通讯，并因此为CKD患者的治疗提供有前景的新方向。基于益生菌的治疗是一种减少尿毒症中毒的方法，这是通过吞咽能在肠道中催化尿毒症毒素分解的微生物来实现的。如果进行进一步的全面研究，我们将了解益生菌在减缓肾衰竭进展和降低炎症标志物方面的作用。
