Baker Amy L, Arruda Bailey, Palmer Mitchell V, Boggiatto Paola, Sarlo Davila Kaitlyn, Buckley Alexandra, Ciacci Zanella Giovana, Snyder Celeste A, Anderson Tavis K, Hutter Carl R, Nguyen Thao-Quyen, Markin Alexey, Lantz Kristina, Posey Erin A, Kim Torchetti Mia, Robbe-Austerman Suelee, Magstadt Drew R, Gorden Patrick J
Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA.
National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA.
Nature. 2025 Jan;637(8047):913-920. doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-08166-6. Epub 2024 Oct 15.
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 haemagglutinin clade 2.3.4.4b was detected in the USA in 2021. These HPAI viruses caused mortality events in poultry, wild birds and wild mammals. On 25 March 2024, HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b was confirmed in a dairy cow in Texas in response to a multistate investigation into milk production losses. More than 200 positive herds were identified in 14 US states. The case description included reduced feed intake and rumen motility in lactating cows, decreased milk production and thick yellow milk. The diagnostic investigation revealed viral RNA in milk and alveolar epithelial degeneration and necrosis and positive immunoreactivity of glandular epithelium in mammary tissue. A single transmission event, probably from birds, was followed by limited local transmission and onward horizontal transmission of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b genotype B3.13 (ref. ). Here we sought to experimentally reproduce infection with genotype B3.13 in Holstein yearling heifers and lactating cows. Heifers were inoculated by an aerosol respiratory route and cows by an intramammary route. Clinical disease was mild in heifers, but infection was confirmed by virus detection, lesions and seroconversion. Clinical disease in lactating cows included decreased rumen motility, changes to milk appearance and production losses. Infection was confirmed by high levels of viral RNA detected in milk, virus isolation, lesions in mammary tissue and seroconversion. This study provides the foundation to investigate additional routes of infection, pathogenesis, transmission and intervention strategies.
2021年在美国检测到高致病性禽流感（HPAI）H5N1血凝素2.3.4.4b分支。这些HPAI病毒在家禽、野生鸟类和野生哺乳动物中引发了死亡事件。2024年3月25日，在对牛奶产量损失进行多州调查后，得克萨斯州的一头奶牛被确诊感染HPAI H5N1 2.3.4.4b分支。在美国14个州发现了200多个阳性牛群。病例描述包括泌乳奶牛采食量减少、瘤胃蠕动减弱、产奶量下降以及牛奶呈浓稠黄色。诊断调查显示牛奶中存在病毒RNA，乳腺组织出现肺泡上皮变性和坏死以及腺上皮阳性免疫反应。可能由鸟类引发的单次传播事件之后，H5N1 2.3.4.4b基因型B3.13出现了有限的局部传播和水平传播。在此，我们试图通过实验在荷斯坦一岁小母牛和泌乳奶牛中重现基因型B3.13的感染情况。小母牛通过气溶胶呼吸道途径接种，奶牛通过乳房内途径接种。小母牛的临床疾病症状较轻，但通过病毒检测、病变和血清转化确认了感染。泌乳奶牛的临床疾病包括瘤胃蠕动减弱、牛奶外观变化和产奶量损失。通过牛奶中检测到的高水平病毒RNA、病毒分离、乳腺组织病变和血清转化确认了感染。本研究为调查其他感染途径、发病机制、传播和干预策略奠定了基础。
