George Aniekeme, Ojji Dike, Orji Anthony, Adurosakin Felix
University of Oxford.
University of Abuja.
Res Sq. 2025 Jan 15:rs.3.rs-5829587. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5829587/v1.
To address the growing burden of hypertension and related diseases, Nigeria seeks to reduce excess dietary sodium through policymaking. The current study aims to describe the levels and sources of dietary sodium intake among Nigerian adults to inform targeted policies for reducing sodium intake.
From June 2023 to July 2023, adults aged 18 to 70 years old were recruited from the Federal Capital Territory, Kano States, and Ogun States to participate in a population-based, cross-sectional non-communicable diseases survey. Data were also collected to assess levels and dietary sources of sodium through four 24-hour dietary recalls by trained study personnel with 90.7% response rate. Concurrent 24-hour urine sodium data were collected. The primary analyses included the distribution of sodium intake and sources of sodium, overall and by sex and state. Results were adjusted to the Nigerian population. Multivariate regression models evaluated associations between baseline sociodemographic factors and sodium intake.
Among 537 participants, 365 (68.0%) were female, and median (Interquartile range) age was 38 (27, 48) years. Adjusted median (IQR) daily sodium intake according to 24-hour dietary recalls was 3,803 (2,663, 5,085) mg per day with higher intake reported among males (males: 3,878 [2,663, 5,032] mg/dl; females: 3,415 [2,373, 4,689], p<.0001). Two-thirds (67.0%) of the sodium intake was from home-cooked meals. Nearly half (48.7%) of sodium came from discretionary sources, including 21.4% from bouillon. Salt and yaji spice added at the table accounted for 9.1% of sodium intake and was highest among females (18.8%) and males (13.7%) in Kano. On the other hand, sodium from street food was highest in males (35.9%) and females (34.2%) in Ogun. After adjustment, older participants and those with higher education had lower daily sodium intake compared to younger participants and those with less education, respectively. Results were similar when excluding individuals with cardiovascular disease or hypertension.
Adults in the Federal Capital Territory, Kano, and Ogun consume nearly twice the recommended level of dietary sodium. Most dietary sodium intake came from home cooked foods, nearly half of which came from discretionary sources, which has important policy implications for SHAKE package implementation.
为应对高血压及相关疾病日益加重的负担，尼日利亚试图通过制定政策来减少饮食中过量的钠摄入。本研究旨在描述尼日利亚成年人饮食中钠的摄入量及来源，为制定针对性的减少钠摄入政策提供依据。
2023年6月至2023年7月，从联邦首都地区、卡诺州和奥贡州招募了18至70岁的成年人，参与一项基于人群的横断面非传染性疾病调查。还通过经过培训的研究人员进行的四次24小时饮食回顾收集数据，以评估钠的摄入量和饮食来源，回复率为90.7%。同时收集了24小时尿钠数据。主要分析包括钠摄入量和钠来源的分布，总体情况以及按性别和州划分的情况。结果根据尼日利亚人口进行了调整。多变量回归模型评估了基线社会人口学因素与钠摄入量之间的关联。
在537名参与者中，365名（68.0%）为女性，年龄中位数（四分位间距）为38（27，48）岁。根据24小时饮食回顾调整后的每日钠摄入量中位数（IQR）为3803（2663，5085）毫克/天，男性的摄入量更高（男性：3878[2663，5032]毫克/分升；女性：3415[2373，4689]，p<0.0001）。三分之二（67.0%）的钠摄入量来自家庭烹饪的食物。近一半（48.7%）的钠来自自由支配来源，其中21.4%来自肉汤。餐桌上添加的盐和雅吉香料占钠摄入量的9.1%，在卡诺州女性（18.8%）和男性（13.7%）中最高。另一方面，奥贡州男性（35.9%）和女性（34.2%）从街头食品中摄入的钠最高。调整后，与年轻参与者和受教育程度较低的参与者相比，年龄较大的参与者和受教育程度较高的参与者每日钠摄入量较低。排除患有心血管疾病或高血压的个体后，结果相似。
联邦首都地区、卡诺州和奥贡州的成年人饮食中钠的摄入量几乎是推荐水平的两倍。大多数饮食中的钠摄入来自家庭烹饪的食物，其中近一半来自自由支配来源，这对实施SHAKE套餐具有重要的政策意义。
