Amin Mohammed Badrul, Hoque Kazi Injamamul, Sraboni Ajrin Sultana, Bhuiyan Omar Faruk, Happy Tanjin Tamanna, Alam Munirul, Mondal Dinesh, Islam Mohammad Aminul
Laboratory of Food Safety and One Health, Nutrition Research Division, icddr, b, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Infectious Disease Division, icddr, b, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Front Microbiol. 2025 Jul 17;16:1560890. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1560890. eCollection 2025.
Poultry raised with antibiotic prophylaxis are significant reservoirs of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E). Improper disposal of poultry wastes is common in developing countries, increasing the risk of spreading ESBL-E. Previous studies largely focused on ESBL-producing in poultry, overlooking other Enterobacterales and dead birds.
Between December 2019 and June 2021, this study investigated 220 fecal samples collected from 55 freshly slaughtered and 55 dead birds in urban live bird markets and rural poultry farms in Bangladesh for detection and enumeration of ESBL-E.
Overall 68% ( = 150) samples were positive for ESBL-E, with a significantly higher prevalence in urban live-bird markets (88%, = 97) than rural poultry farms (48%, = 53; < 0.01, OR = 7.25, 95% CI: 3.77-14.71) and slightly higher in dead ( = 81, 74%) than live birds ( = 69, 63%). ESBL-producing was most common (66%, = 146), followed by ESBL-producing (10%, = 22), (3%, = 7) and spp. (3% = 6). The abundance of ESBL-producing was significantly higher in urban live-bird markets than rural poultry farms (3.9 vs. 2.0 log CFU/g; < 0.001, Cliff's Delta = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.40-0.65) and in dead than live birds (3.4 vs. 2.2 log CFU/g; < 0.01, Cliff's Delta = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.08-0.38). The abundance of ESBL-producing , and (1.6-1.8 log CFU/g) showed no significant difference between urban live-bird markets and rural poultry farms or between live and dead birds. A higher proportion of ESBL-E from urban live bird markets were resistant to 10 out of 11 antibiotic classes, compared to those from rural poultry farms ( < 0.05). Further, ESBL-E isolates from dead birds showed higher resistance to aminoglycosides, glycylcyclines, and penicillins+β-lactamase inhibitors than isolates from live birds ( < 0.05). Overall, 65% of isolates were resistant to penicillins, fluoroquinolones, and monobactams, while 2% were carbapenem-resistant. The prevalence of multi-drug resistant was higher in urban live bird markets (86%, = 95) than rural poultry farms (45%, = 49; < 0.01). Among 181 ESBL-E, (62%, = 114) was the most prevalent, followed by (17%, = 32) and (12%, = 22).
The widespread ESBL-E in poultry underscores the urgent need for improved biosecurity and waste management across the poultry supply chain.
使用抗生素预防措施饲养的家禽是产超广谱β-内酰胺酶肠杆菌科细菌（ESBL-E）的重要储存宿主。在发展中国家，家禽粪便的不当处理很常见，这增加了ESBL-E传播的风险。以往的研究主要集中在家禽中产ESBL的情况，而忽略了其他肠杆菌科细菌和死禽。
在2019年12月至2021年6月期间，本研究调查了从孟加拉国城市活禽市场和农村家禽养殖场的55只 freshly slaughtered和55只死禽中收集的220份粪便样本，用于检测和计数ESBL-E。
总体而言，68%（n = 150）的样本ESBL-E呈阳性，城市活禽市场的患病率（{88%，n = 97}）显著高于农村家禽养殖场（{48%，n = 53}；p < 0.01，OR = 7.25，95% CI：3.77 - 14.71），死禽（n = 81，74%）中的患病率略高于活禽（n = 69，63%）。产ESBL的大肠埃希菌最为常见（66%，n = 146），其次是产ESBL的肺炎克雷伯菌（10%，n = 22）、阴沟肠杆菌（3%，n = 7）和沙雷菌属（3%，n = 6）。城市活禽市场中产ESBL细菌的丰度显著高于农村家禽养殖场（3.9对2.0 log CFU/g；p < 0.001，Cliff's Delta = 0.53，95% CI：0.40 - 0.65），且死禽中的丰度高于活禽（3.4对2.2 log CFU/g；p < 0.01，Cliff's Delta = 0.23，95% CI：0.08 - 0.38）。城市活禽市场和农村家禽养殖场之间以及活禽和死禽之间，产ESBL的肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌和沙雷菌属的丰度（1.6 - 1.8 log CFU/g）无显著差异。与农村家禽养殖场的ESBL-E相比，城市活禽市场的ESBL-E对11种抗生素类别中的10种耐药比例更高（p < 0.05）。此外，死禽分离出的ESBL-E对氨基糖苷类、甘氨酰环素类和青霉素+β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的耐药性高于活禽分离株（p < 0.05）。总体而言，65%的分离株对青霉素、氟喹诺酮类和单环β-内酰胺类耐药，而2%对碳青霉烯类耐药。城市活禽市场中多重耐药大肠埃希菌的患病率（86%，n = 95）高于农村家禽养殖场（45%，n = 49；p < 0.01）。在181株ESBL-E中，大肠埃希菌（62%，n = 114）最为常见，其次是肺炎克雷伯菌（17%，n = 32）和阴沟肠杆菌（12%，n = 22）。
家禽中ESBL-E的广泛存在凸显了在整个家禽供应链中改善生物安全和废物管理的迫切需求。
