Surgical injury of the common bile duct.

Review of our experience with twenty-two bile duct injuries and the literature leads us to the following conclusions: (1) Most biliary strictures follow surgery and can be avoided by adequate exposure, accurate dissection, use of hemostatic clips rather than clamps and ties, and the liberal use of operative cholangiography. (2) Injuries diagnosed at the time of surgery should be repaired by end-to-end anastomosis over a T tube if length is adequate or by Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy if length is inadequate. (3) The diagnosis of biliary injury should be suspected when jaundice, biliary fistula, or cholangitis occur in the postoperative period. (4) IVC, PTC, ERCP, or fistulography should be used when possible to delineate the site of injury or stricture and assist in planning the operative repair. (5) Surgery should be performed as soon as the diagnosis is made and the patient is in satisfactory condition for operation. (6) Early reoperation may be necessary to establish drainage and prepare for a later definitive procedure. In some cases, definitive repair can be performed this time. (7) Most late strictures should be repaired with a choledochojejunostomy to a defunctionalized limb of jejunum when resection and primary end-to-end repair cannot be accomplished.