Ault S K
Environmental Health Consultants International, Davis, California.
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1994;50(6 Suppl):35-49. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1994.50.35.
Vector control may be accomplished by environmental management (EM), which consists of permanent or long-term modification of the environment, temporary or seasonal manipulation of the environment, and modifying or changing our life styles and practices to reduce human contact with infective vectors. The primary focus of this paper is EM in the control of human malaria, filariasis, arboviruses, Chagas' disease, and schistosomiasis. Modern EM developed as a discipline based primarily in ecologic principles and lessons learned from the adverse environmental impacts of rural development projects. Strategies such as the suppression of vector populations through the provision of safe water supplies, proper sanitation, solid waste management facilities, sewerage and excreta disposal systems, water manipulation in dams and irrigation systems, vector diversion by zooprophylaxis, and vector exclusion by improved housing, are discussed with appropriate examples. Vectors of malaria, filariasis, Chagas' disease, and schistosomiasis have been controlled by drainage or filling aquatic breeding sites, improved housing and sanitation, the use of expanded polystyrene beads, zooprophylaxis, or the provision of household water supplies. Community participation has been effective in the suppression of dengue vectors in Mexico and the Dominican Republic. Alone or combined with other vector control methods, EM has been proven to be a successful approach to vector control in a number of places. The future of EM in vector control looks promising.
病媒控制可通过环境管理（EM）来实现，环境管理包括对环境进行永久性或长期改造、对环境进行临时性或季节性操控，以及改变或调整我们的生活方式和行为习惯，以减少人类与感染性病媒的接触。本文的主要重点是环境管理在控制人类疟疾、丝虫病、虫媒病毒、恰加斯病和血吸虫病方面的应用。现代环境管理作为一门学科发展起来，主要基于生态学原理以及从农村发展项目对环境的不利影响中吸取的经验教训。文中讨论了一些策略，如通过提供安全供水、适当的卫生设施、固体废物管理设施、污水处理和排泄物处理系统来抑制病媒种群数量，对水坝和灌溉系统中的水进行调控，通过动物宿主防护进行病媒转移，以及通过改善住房来防止病媒进入，并列举了适当的实例。疟疾、丝虫病、恰加斯病和血吸虫病的病媒已通过排干或填埋水生繁殖地、改善住房和卫生条件、使用聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料珠粒、动物宿主防护或提供家庭供水等方式得到控制。社区参与在墨西哥和多米尼加共和国抑制登革热媒介方面已取得成效。单独或与其他病媒控制方法相结合，环境管理已在许多地方被证明是一种成功的病媒控制方法。环境管理在病媒控制方面的未来前景广阔。
