Todd A C, Chettle D R
Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY 10029.
Environ Health Perspect. 1994 Feb;102(2):172-7. doi: 10.1289/ehp.94102172.
Bone lead measurements can assess long-term lead dosimetry because the residence time of lead in bone is long. Bone lead measurements thus complement blood and plasma lead measurements, which reflect more short-term exposure. Although the noninvasive, in vivo measurement of lead in bone by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) has been under development since the 1970s, its use is still largely confined to research institutions. There are three principal methods used that vary both in the how lead X-rays are fluoresced and in which lead X-rays are fluoresced. Several groups have reported the independent development of in vivo measurement systems, the majority adopting the 109Cd K XRF method because of its advantages: a robust measurement, a lower detection limit (compared to 57Co K XRF), and a lower effective (radiation) dose (compared to L XRF) when calculated according to the most recent guidelines. These advantages, and the subsequent widespread adoption of the 109Cd method, are primarily consequences of the physics principles of the technique. This paper presents an explanation of the principles of XRF, a description of the practical measurement systems, a review of the human bone lead studies performed to date; and a discussion of some issues surrounding future application of the methods.
骨铅测量可以评估长期铅剂量，因为铅在骨骼中的停留时间很长。因此，骨铅测量补充了血液和血浆铅测量，后者反映的是更短期的暴露情况。尽管自20世纪70年代以来，利用X射线荧光（XRF）对骨骼中的铅进行无创活体测量一直在发展，但其应用仍主要局限于研究机构。目前使用的主要有三种方法，它们在激发铅X射线的方式以及激发的是哪种铅X射线方面都有所不同。几个研究小组报告了各自独立开发的活体测量系统，大多数采用109Cd K XRF方法，因为它具有以下优点：测量稳健、检测限较低（与57Co K XRF相比），并且根据最新指南计算时有效（辐射）剂量较低（与L XRF相比）。这些优点以及随后109Cd方法的广泛采用，主要是该技术物理原理的结果。本文阐述了XRF的原理，描述了实际测量系统，回顾了迄今为止进行的人体骨铅研究，并讨论了围绕这些方法未来应用的一些问题。
