Role of monkey nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis in the stabilization of Listing's plane.

An important problem in motor control is how the nervous system deals with redundant degrees of freedom. It has been well documented that voluntary eye movements are constrained to a plane by Listing's law. Recent evidence has indicated that Listing's law is implemented downstream from the motor superior colliculus (SC), but controversy exists whether this synergy results from a neural control mechanism or from passive mechanical properties of the oculomotor plant. To address this problem, we have investigated the role of the caudal nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (cNRTP), which is functionally positioned inbetween the SC and cerebellar vermis, in the three-dimensional (3-D) control of saccades. In three rhesus monkeys, 3-D eye movements were measured while recording from single units in the cNRTP. In contrast to the SC, movement fields of cNRTP cells were best described by 3-D eye displacement vectors. We also performed electrical microstimulation with the eyes starting from a large range of initial eye positions. Evoked movements were always ipsilaterally directed but were often endowed with a fixed torsional component in either the positive or the negative direction. In two monkeys, small amounts of muscimol were unilaterally injected into the cNRTP. The results of these experiments strongly suggest that the cNRTP contributes to the stabilization of Listing's plane against torsional errors of the saccadic system. It is concluded, therefore, that the saccadic burst generator is 3-D, and that Listing's law is at least partially implemented by a neural control strategy.