Call Josep
Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Inselstrasse 22, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Primates. 2003 Oct;44(4):347-57. doi: 10.1007/s10329-003-0048-6. Epub 2003 Aug 22.
This study investigated the ability of three chimpanzees and three orangutans to track the position of a reward after a series of displacements. The reward was placed under one of two opaque containers resting on a platform. Experiment 1 investigated rotational displacements in which the platform was rotated 0 degrees, 180 degrees, or 360 degrees. Experiment 2 investigated transpositional displacements in which the platform remained stationary while the containers either remained stationary, or swapped their positions (in a one- two- or three-step sequence). In both experiments, the initial position of the reward was indicated either by directly showing the reward under the containers, or by placing a landmark, which had been previously associated with the reward, on top of the baited container. Subjects successfully tracked the reward through rotations and transpositions when they had seen it, but their performance substantially deteriorated when the landmark indicated the reward's initial position, even though subjects successfully used the landmark to find the reward in the absence of displacements. This decrease was especially pronounced in rotational displacements. A language-trained orangutan outperformed all the other apes and solved all problems.
本研究调查了三只黑猩猩和三只猩猩在一系列物品移动后追踪奖励位置的能力。奖励被放置在平台上两个不透明容器中的一个下面。实验1研究了旋转移动，即平台旋转0度、180度或360度。实验2研究了换位移动，即平台保持静止，而容器要么保持静止，要么交换位置（以一步、两步或三步的顺序）。在两个实验中，奖励的初始位置要么是通过直接展示容器下面的奖励来表明，要么是通过在放置了奖励的容器上放置一个先前与奖励相关联的地标来表明。当受试者看到奖励时，他们能够成功地通过旋转和换位追踪奖励，但当地标指示奖励的初始位置时，他们的表现大幅下降，尽管在没有移动的情况下受试者能够成功地利用地标找到奖励。这种下降在旋转移动中尤为明显。一只经过语言训练的猩猩表现优于所有其他猿类，并解决了所有问题。
