Risk-group-specific dose finding based on an average toxicity score.

We propose a Bayesian dose-finding design that accounts for two important factors, the severity of toxicity and heterogeneity in patients' susceptibility to toxicity. We consider toxicity outcomes with various levels of severity and define appropriate scores for these severity levels. We then use a multinomial-likelihood function and a Dirichlet prior to model the probabilities of these toxicity scores at each dose, and characterize the overall toxicity using an average toxicity score (ATS) parameter. To address the issue of heterogeneity in patients' susceptibility to toxicity, we categorize patients into different risk groups based on their susceptibility. A Bayesian isotonic transformation is applied to induce an order-restricted posterior inference on the ATS. We demonstrate the performance of the proposed dose-finding design using simulations based on a clinical trial in multiple myeloma.