Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Professions, Loma Linda University, 24951 N. Circle Drive, Loma Linda, CA 92350-0200, United States.
Phys Ther Sport. 2011 Nov;12(4):151-63. doi: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2011.09.004. Epub 2011 Oct 17.
Recreational running has many proven benefits which include increased cardiovascular, physical and mental health. It is no surprise that Running USA reported over 10 million individuals completed running road races in 2009 not to mention recreational joggers who do not wish to compete in organized events. Unfortunately there are numerous risks associated with running, the most common being musculoskeletal injuries attributed to incorrect shoe choice, training errors and excessive shoe wear or other biomechanical factors associated with ground reaction forces. Approximately 65% of chronic injuries in distance runners are related to routine high mileage, rapid increases in mileage, increased intensity, hills or irregular surface running, and surface firmness. Humans have been running barefooted or wearing minimally supportive footwear such as moccasins or sandals since the beginning of time while modernized running shoes were not invented until the 1970s. However, the current trend is that many runners are moving back to barefoot running or running in "minimal" shoes. The goal of this masterclass article is to examine the similarities and differences between shod and unshod (barefoot or minimally supportive running shoes) runners by examining spatiotemporal parameters, energetics, and biomechanics. These running parameters will be compared and contrasted with walking. The most obvious difference between the walking and running gait cycle is the elimination of the double limb support phase of walking gait in exchange for a float (no limb support) phase. The biggest difference between barefoot and shod runners is at the initial contact phase of gait where the barefoot and minimally supported runner initiates contact with their forefoot or midfoot instead of the rearfoot. As movement science experts, physical therapists are often called upon to assess the gait of a running athlete, their choice of footwear, and training regime. With a clearer understanding of running and its complexities, the physical therapist will be able to better identify faults and create informed treatment plans while rehabilitating patients who are experiencing musculoskeletal injuries due to running.
休闲跑步有许多已被证实的益处，包括心血管、身体和心理健康的改善。这并不奇怪，因为美国跑步协会报告称，仅在 2009 年，就有超过 1000 万人参加了跑步公路赛，更不用说那些不想参加有组织赛事的休闲慢跑者了。不幸的是，跑步有很多风险，最常见的是肌肉骨骼损伤，这归因于错误的鞋类选择、训练错误、过度的鞋子磨损或与地面反作用力相关的其他生物力学因素。大约 65%的长跑运动员的慢性损伤与常规高里程、里程快速增加、强度增加、山丘或不规则表面跑步以及表面硬度有关。从人类诞生之初，他们就一直赤脚或穿着极简支撑的鞋子，如鹿皮鞋或凉鞋，而直到 20 世纪 70 年代才发明了现代跑鞋。然而，目前的趋势是，许多跑步者正在回归赤脚跑步或穿着“极简”鞋子跑步。本文的目标是通过检查时空参数、能量学和生物力学，来研究穿鞋和不穿鞋（赤脚或极简支撑跑鞋）跑步者之间的异同。这些跑步参数将与步行进行比较和对比。步行和跑步步态周期之间最明显的区别是，步行步态的双支撑阶段被消除，取而代之的是一个漂浮（无支撑）阶段。赤脚和穿鞋跑步者之间最大的区别是在步态的初始接触阶段，赤脚和极简支撑跑步者用前脚或中脚而不是后脚开始接触地面。作为运动科学专家，物理治疗师经常被要求评估跑步运动员的步态、他们的鞋类选择和训练方案。通过更清楚地了解跑步及其复杂性，物理治疗师将能够更好地识别错误，并在治疗因跑步而出现肌肉骨骼损伤的患者时制定明智的治疗计划。
