Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011 Dec;5(12):e1432. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001432. Epub 2011 Dec 13.
Based on epidemiological data, it is believed that human-to-human transmission plays an important role in Nipah virus outbreaks. No experimental data are currently available on the potential routes of human-to-human transmission of Nipah virus. In a first dose-finding experiment in Syrian hamsters, it was shown that Nipah virus was predominantly shed via the respiratory tract within nasal and oropharyngeal secretions. Although Nipah viral RNA was detected in urogenital and rectal swabs, no infectious virus was recovered from these samples, suggesting no viable virus was shed via these routes. In addition, hamsters inoculated with high doses shed significantly higher amounts of viable Nipah virus particles in comparison with hamsters infected with lower inoculum doses. Using the highest inoculum dose, three potential routes of Nipah virus transmission were investigated in the hamster model: transmission via fomites, transmission via direct contact and transmission via aerosols. It was demonstrated that Nipah virus is transmitted efficiently via direct contact and inefficiently via fomites, but not via aerosols. These findings are in line with epidemiological data which suggest that direct contact with nasal and oropharyngeal secretions of Nipah virus infected individuals resulted in greater risk of Nipah virus infection. The data provide new and much-needed insights into the modes and efficiency of Nipah virus transmission and have important public health implications with regards to the risk assessment and management of future Nipah virus outbreaks.
基于流行病学数据，人们认为人际传播在尼帕病毒爆发中起着重要作用。目前尚无关于尼帕病毒人际传播潜在途径的实验数据。在叙利亚仓鼠的首次剂量发现实验中，表明尼帕病毒主要通过呼吸道在鼻腔和口咽分泌物中排出。尽管在泌尿生殖道和直肠拭子中检测到尼帕病毒 RNA，但从这些样本中未回收感染性病毒，表明这些途径未排出有活力的病毒。此外，接种高剂量的仓鼠比接种低剂量接种物的仓鼠排出的具有感染力的尼帕病毒颗粒明显更多。使用最高接种剂量，在仓鼠模型中研究了尼帕病毒的三种潜在传播途径：通过污染物传播、通过直接接触传播和通过空气传播。结果表明，尼帕病毒通过直接接触有效传播，通过污染物传播效率低，但不通过空气传播。这些发现与流行病学数据一致，这些数据表明与尼帕病毒感染个体的鼻腔和口咽分泌物直接接触会增加感染尼帕病毒的风险。这些数据为尼帕病毒传播的方式和效率提供了新的、急需的见解，并对未来尼帕病毒爆发的风险评估和管理具有重要的公共卫生意义。
