Department of Environmental Health Hazards, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland.
Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2012 Jun;25(3):281-93. doi: 10.2478/S13382-012-0032-8. Epub 2012 Jun 22.
This study is aimed at evaluation of bacterial air contamination in intensive poultry breeding. The evaluation was based on the determined levels of bacterial concentrations and qualitative identification of isolated microorganisms.
The study covered 5 poultry houses: two hatcheries and three hen houses with the litter bed system. The air was sampled in three measurement series in the central part of the investigated workplace at the height of about 1.5 m over the ground, using portable measuring sets consisting of a GilAir 5 (Sensidyne, USA) pump and a measuring head filled with a glass microfibre filter (Whatman, UK). For the quantitative and qualitative analysis of microorganisms were used appropriate microbiological media.
The total concentrations of airborne mesophilic bacteria inside the poultry breeding houses ranged from 4.74 × 10(4) cfu/m(3) to 1.89 × 10(8) cfu/m(3). For Gram-negative bacteria, the range comprised the values from 4.33 × 10(2) cfu/m(3) to 4.29 × 10(6) cfu/m(3). The concentrations of the cocci of Enterococcus genus ranged from 1.53 × 10(4) cfu/m(3) to 1.09 × 10(7) cfu/m(3), whereas those of other Gram-positive bacteria from 3.78 × 10(4) cfu/m(3) to 6.65 × 10(7) cfu/m(3). The lowest concentrations of each group of the examined microorganisms were noted in the second measurement series when the air exchange in the breeding houses was over twice higher than in first and third measurement series because the mechanical ventilation was supported by natural ventilation (opened gates in the buildings). The lowest concentrations of total bacteria were obtained in those buildings where one-day old chickens were kept. Gram-positive bacteria of the genera: Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Corynebacterium, Brevibacterium, Micrococcus, Cellulomonas, Bacillus, Aerococcus, and Gram-negative bacteria of the genera: Pseudomonas, Moraxella, Escherichia, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Pasteurella, Pantoea were isolated. It was shown that for most of the investigated livestock premises the total bacteria concentrations exceeded the reference value of 1.0 × 10(5) cfu/m(3). Furthermore, pathogenic microorganisms which are a potential threat to human health (Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp. ozaenae, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium) were found among the identified bacteria.
The results indicate that the hygienic conditions of the working environment connected with litter bed system production of poultry are affected by changes of the efficiency of ventilation and create a direct health risk to employees. They should use personal protective measures to protect their respiratory tract, especially when the gates in the hen houses are closed.
本研究旨在评估集约化家禽养殖中的空气细菌污染。评估基于确定的细菌浓度水平和分离微生物的定性鉴定。
本研究涵盖了 5 个家禽养殖场：2 个孵化场和 3 个带有垫料床系统的母鸡舍。在调查工作场所的中央部分，在离地约 1.5 米的高度，使用便携式测量装置在三个测量系列中对空气进行采样，该装置由 GilAir 5（Sensidyne，美国）泵和填充有玻璃微纤维过滤器的测量头（Whatman，英国）组成。为了对微生物进行定量和定性分析，使用了适当的微生物培养基。
家禽养殖场内的空气嗜温细菌总数浓度范围为 4.74×10(4)cfu/m(3)至 1.89×10(8)cfu/m(3)。革兰氏阴性菌的范围包括 4.33×10(2)cfu/m(3)至 4.29×10(6)cfu/m(3)的值。肠球菌属球菌的浓度范围为 1.53×10(4)cfu/m(3)至 1.09×10(7)cfu/m(3)，而其他革兰氏阳性菌的浓度范围为 3.78×10(4)cfu/m(3)至 6.65×10(7)cfu/m(3)。当禽舍中的空气交换量是第一和第三测量系列的两倍以上时，即机械通风得到自然通风（建筑物中打开的门）的支持时，每个受检微生物组的最低浓度均在第二次测量系列中记录到。在饲养一日龄小鸡的建筑物中获得了最低的总细菌浓度。分离出了革兰氏阳性菌属：葡萄球菌、肠球菌、棒状杆菌、短杆菌、微球菌、纤维单胞菌、芽孢杆菌、 Aerococcus 和革兰氏阴性菌属：假单胞菌、莫拉氏菌、大肠杆菌、肠杆菌、克雷伯菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、潘氏菌。结果表明，对于大多数调查的牲畜场，总细菌浓度超过了 1.0×10(5)cfu/m(3)的参考值。此外，在鉴定的细菌中发现了对人类健康构成潜在威胁的病原体（大肠杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、臭鼻克雷伯菌、粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌）。
结果表明，与垫料床系统生产家禽相关的工作环境的卫生条件受到通风效率变化的影响，对员工构成直接的健康风险。他们应该使用个人防护措施来保护自己的呼吸道，尤其是当母鸡舍的门关闭时。
