交通相关空气污染与儿童肥胖形成：一项纵向多层次分析
Traffic-related air pollution and obesity formation in children: a longitudinal, multilevel analysis.
作者信息
Jerrett Michael, McConnell Rob, Wolch Jennifer, Chang Roger, Lam Claudia, Dunton Genevieve, Gilliland Frank, Lurmann Fred, Islam Talat, Berhane Kiros
机构信息
Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, 50 University Hall MC7360, Berkeley, CA, USA.
出版信息
Environ Health. 2014 Jun 9;13:49. doi: 10.1186/1476-069X-13-49.
BACKGROUND
Biologically plausible mechanisms link traffic-related air pollution to metabolic disorders and potentially to obesity. Here we sought to determine whether traffic density and traffic-related air pollution were positively associated with growth in body mass index (BMI = kg/m2) in children aged 5-11 years.
METHODS
Participants were drawn from a prospective cohort of children who lived in 13 communities across Southern California (N = 4550). Children were enrolled while attending kindergarten and first grade and followed for 4 years, with height and weight measured annually. Dispersion models were used to estimate exposure to traffic-related air pollution. Multilevel models were used to estimate and test traffic density and traffic pollution related to BMI growth. Data were collected between 2002-2010 and analyzed in 2011-12.
RESULTS
Traffic pollution was positively associated with growth in BMI and was robust to adjustment for many confounders. The effect size in the adjusted model indicated about a 13.6% increase in annual BMI growth when comparing the lowest to the highest tenth percentile of air pollution exposure, which resulted in an increase of nearly 0.4 BMI units on attained BMI at age 10. Traffic density also had a positive association with BMI growth, but this effect was less robust in multivariate models.
CONCLUSIONS
Traffic pollution was positively associated with growth in BMI in children aged 5-11 years. Traffic pollution may be controlled via emission restrictions; changes in land use that promote jobs-housing balance and use of public transit and hence reduce vehicle miles traveled; promotion of zero emissions vehicles; transit and car-sharing programs; or by limiting high pollution traffic, such as diesel trucks, from residential areas or places where children play outdoors, such as schools and parks. These measures may have beneficial effects in terms of reduced obesity formation in children.
背景
生物学上合理的机制将交通相关空气污染与代谢紊乱以及潜在的肥胖联系起来。在此，我们试图确定交通密度和交通相关空气污染是否与5至11岁儿童的体重指数（BMI = 千克/平方米）增长呈正相关。
方法
参与者来自南加州13个社区的前瞻性队列儿童（N = 4550）。儿童在幼儿园和一年级入学时被招募，并随访4年，每年测量身高和体重。使用扩散模型估计交通相关空气污染暴露。使用多层模型估计和测试与BMI增长相关的交通密度和交通污染。数据收集于2002年至2010年之间，并于2011年至2012年进行分析。
结果
交通污染与BMI增长呈正相关，并且在对许多混杂因素进行调整后仍然稳健。调整模型中的效应大小表明，将空气污染暴露的最低十分位数与最高十分位数进行比较时，每年BMI增长增加约13.6%，这导致10岁时达到的BMI增加近0.4个单位。交通密度也与BMI增长呈正相关，但在多变量模型中这种效应不太稳健。
结论
交通污染与5至11岁儿童的BMI增长呈正相关。可以通过排放限制来控制交通污染；通过促进就业与住房平衡、使用公共交通从而减少车辆行驶里程的土地利用变化；推广零排放车辆；公共交通和拼车计划；或者通过限制高污染交通，如柴油卡车进入住宅区或儿童户外玩耍的场所，如学校和公园。这些措施可能对减少儿童肥胖形成有有益影响。
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