Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
Ophthalmology. 2014 Oct;121(10):2047-52. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.04.017. Epub 2014 Jun 16.
To analyze the association between myopia and educational level in an adult European cohort.
Population-based cross-sectional study.
A cohort of the Gutenberg Health Study, including 4658 eligible enrollees between 35 and 74 years of age.
We applied a standardized protocol entailing a comprehensive questionnaire; thorough ophthalmic, general, cardiovascular, and psychological examinations; and laboratory tests, including genetic analyses. We documented achievement levels in school education and post-school professional education. The spherical equivalent (SE) was determined by noncycloplegic autorefractometry. We fitted mixed linear models including age, gender, and 45 myopia-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) as covariates.
Prevalence and magnitude of myopia in association with years spent in school and level of post-school professional education.
Individuals who graduated from school after 13 years were more myopic (median, -0.5 diopters [D]; first quartile [Q1]/third quartile [Q3], -2.1/0.3 D) than those who graduated after 10 years (median, -0.2 D; Q1/Q3, -1.3/0.8 D), than those who graduated after 9 years (median, 0.3 D; Q1/Q3, -0.6/1.4 D), and than those who never finished secondary school (median, 0.2 D; Q1/Q3, -0.5/1.8 D; P<0.001, respectively). The same holds true for persons with a university degree (median, -0.6 D; Q1/Q3, -2.3/0.3 D) versus those who finished secondary vocational school (median, 0 D; Q1/Q3, -1.1/0.8 D) or primary vocational school (median, 0 D; Q1/Q3, -0.9/1.1 D) versus persons without any post-school professional qualification (median, 0.6 D; Q1/Q3, -0.4/1.7 D; P<0.001, respectively). Of persons who graduated from school after 13 years, 50.9% were myopic (SE, ≤-0.5 D) versus 41.6%, 27.1%, and 26.9% after 10 years, in those who graduated after 9 years, and in those who never graduated from secondary school, respectively (P<0.001). In university graduates, the proportion of myopic persons was higher (53%) than that of those who graduated from secondary (34.8%) or primary (34.7%) vocational schools and than in those without any professional training (23.9%; P<0.001, respectively). In multivariate analyses: higher school and professional levels of education were associated with a more myopic SE independent of gender. There was a small effect of age and SNPs.
Higher levels of school and post-school professional education are associated with a more myopic refraction. Participants with higher educational achievements more often were myopic than individuals with less education.
分析欧洲成年人中近视与教育程度的关系。
基于人群的横断面研究。
一项哥廷根健康研究的队列，包括 35 至 74 岁之间的 4658 名合格参与者。
我们应用了一个标准化的方案，包括全面的问卷调查、全面的眼科、一般、心血管和心理检查以及实验室测试，包括遗传分析。我们记录了学校教育和毕业后专业教育的成就水平。球镜等效值（SE）通过非睫状肌自动折射术确定。我们拟合了混合线性模型，包括年龄、性别和 45 个与近视相关的单核苷酸多态性（SNP）作为协变量。
与在校时间和毕业后专业教育水平相关的近视患病率和程度。
完成 13 年学业的人比完成 10 年学业的人（中位数，-0.5 屈光度[D]；第一四分位数[Q1]/第三四分位数[Q3]，-2.1/0.3 D）、完成 9 年学业的人（中位数，0.3 D；Q1/Q3，-0.6/1.4 D）和未完成中学学业的人（中位数，0.2 D；Q1/Q3，-0.5/1.8 D；P<0.001）更近视。对于完成大学学业的人（中位数，-0.6 D；Q1/Q3，-2.3/0.3 D）来说，情况也是如此，而对于完成中等职业学校学业的人（中位数，0 D；Q1/Q3，-1.1/0.8 D）或完成初级职业学校学业的人（中位数，0 D；Q1/Q3，-0.9/1.1 D）和没有任何毕业后专业资格的人（中位数，0.6 D；Q1/Q3，-0.4/1.7 D；P<0.001）。在完成 13 年学业的人中，50.9%的人近视（SE，≤-0.5 D），而完成 10 年学业的人为 41.6%，完成 9 年学业的人为 27.1%，未完成中学学业的人为 26.9%（P<0.001）。在大学毕业生中，近视人数的比例（53%）高于中学（34.8%）或小学（34.7%）职业学校和无任何专业培训的人的比例（23.9%；P<0.001，分别）。在多变量分析中：更高的学校和专业教育水平与近视的 SE 更相关，独立于性别。年龄和 SNP 有很小的影响。
更高的学校和毕业后专业教育水平与更近视的屈光相关。教育程度较高的参与者比教育程度较低的参与者更常近视。
