Fismen Anne-Siri, Smith Otto Robert Frans, Torsheim Torbjørn, Samdal Oddrun
Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2014 Sep 25;11:115. doi: 10.1186/s12966-014-0115-y.
In recent years, adolescents' food habits have become a major source of concern, and substantial policy and intervention efforts have been made to influence adolescents to consume more fruit and vegetables and less sweets and soft drink. Particular attention has been devoted to the social gradient in food habits, aiming to reduce dietary inequality. However, few internationally published studies have evaluated trends in teenagers' food habits, or investigated how dietary inequalities develop.
We used Norwegian cross-sectional data from the international Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) study, collected via three nationally representative and comparable questionnaire surveys in 2001, 2005 and 2009. Food habits were identified by students' consumption of fruit, vegetables, sweets and sugar rich soft drink. Socio-economic status (SES) was measured with the Family Affluence Scale (FAS). Multilevel logistic regression was used to analyze the data.
The analyses indicated an overall positive trend in food habits among adolescents in Norway. Students were more likely to consume fruit (OR 1.76, CI 1.61-1.92) and vegetables (OR 1.51, CI 1.37-1.66) daily in 2005 as compared to 2001, and were less likely to consume sweets (OR 0.58, CI 0.51-0.66 resp. OR 0.77, CI 0.67-0.90) and soft drink (OR 0.55, CI 0.49-0.62 resp. OR 0.84, CI 0.73-0.96) daily when comparing, respectively, 2005 with 2001 and 2009 with 2005. Across all survey years, students with higher SES were more likely to eat fruit (OR 1.47, CI 1.32-1.65) and vegetables (OR 1.40, CI 1.24-1.58) daily than did students with lower SES. Our analyses indicated that the socio-economic differences were stable in the period 2002 - 2010, with uniform improvement in fruit and vegetable consumption across all SES levels. No significant associations between SES and intake of sweets and sugar-added soft drink were found.
The study identifies an overall improvement in diet among adolescents over a period characterized by onset of as well as ongoing initiatives targeting young people's food habits. However, the observed socio-economic gradient in fruit and vegetable consumption remained unchanged.
近年来，青少年的饮食习惯已成为一个主要的关注来源，并且已经做出了大量政策和干预努力来影响青少年多吃水果和蔬菜，少吃甜食和软饮料。人们特别关注饮食习惯中的社会梯度，旨在减少饮食不平等。然而，国际上发表的研究很少评估青少年饮食习惯的趋势，或调查饮食不平等是如何发展的。
我们使用了来自国际学龄儿童健康行为（HBSC）研究的挪威横断面数据，这些数据是通过2001年、2005年和2009年三次具有全国代表性且可比的问卷调查收集的。饮食习惯通过学生对水果、蔬菜、甜食和富含糖的软饮料的消费来确定。社会经济地位（SES）用家庭富裕量表（FAS）来衡量。使用多水平逻辑回归分析数据。
分析表明挪威青少年的饮食习惯总体呈积极趋势。与2001年相比，2005年学生每天更有可能食用水果（比值比1.76，置信区间1.61 - 1.92）和蔬菜（比值比1.51，置信区间1.37 - 1.66），并且在分别比较2005年与2001年以及2009年与2005年时，每天食用甜食（比值比0.58，置信区间0.51 - 0.66；分别为比值比0.77，置信区间0.67 - 0.90）和软饮料（比值比0.55，置信区间0.49 - 0.62；分别为比值比0.84，置信区间0.73 - 0.96）的可能性更低。在所有调查年份中，社会经济地位较高的学生比社会经济地位较低的学生更有可能每天吃水果（比值比1.47，置信区间1.32 - 1.65）和蔬菜（比值比1.40，置信区间1.24 - 1.58）。我们的分析表明，2002 - 2010年期间社会经济差异稳定，所有社会经济水平的水果和蔬菜消费量均有一致改善。未发现社会经济地位与甜食和添加糖软饮料摄入量之间存在显著关联。
该研究确定了在以针对年轻人饮食习惯的倡议开始及持续开展为特征的时期内，青少年的饮食总体有所改善。然而，观察到的水果和蔬菜消费中的社会经济梯度保持不变。
