Di Giminiani Riccardo, Visca Christiano
Laboratory of Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System and Motion Analysis-Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy.
PLoS One. 2017 Feb 13;12(2):e0171734. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171734. eCollection 2017.
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the explosive strength and endurance adaptations in young elite soccer players who underwent a supervised training program for a period of two years. Nineteen players, with seven years of training experience (age: 13.3 ± 0.1 years; body weight: 57.9 ± 4.9 kg; height: 168.9 ± 4.7 cm; BMI: 20.1 ± 1.1 kg/m2), voluntarily participated in the present study. The testing sessions were performed at the beginning of the preparation period in the first (T1), second (T2), and third year (T3). The following performance variables were measured: explosive strength [squat-jump (SJ) and counter-movement-jump (CMJ)], pre-stretch augmentation (CMJ-SJ), leg stiffness [hopping test (HT)], short sprint performance [15 m (SSP15) and 30 m (SSP30)], aerobic endurance [test of Leger (VO2max)], maximal heart rate [at the last step of Leger (HR)], and speed-strength endurance [continuous counter-movement-jumps (CCMJ)]. A significant main effect on the VO2Max (+5.72%; F(2.49) = 3.822; p = 0.029; ES = 1.00), HR (-1.70%; F(2.54) = 3.472; p = 0.038; ES = 0.97), CCMJ (+7.64%; F(2.54) = 5.438; p = 0.007; ES = 1.15), SJ (+10.26%; F(2.54) = 15.254; p = 0.0001; ES = 1.53), CMJ (+7.36; F(2.54) = 8.270; p = 0.001; ES = 1.33), HT (+8.34%; F(2.48) = 3.297; p = 0.046; ES = 1.01), SSP15 (-3.50%; F(2.44) = 12.760; p = 0.0001; ES = 1.53), and SSP30 (-4.44%; F(2.44) = 5.797; p = 0.006; ES = 1.16) was observed in the two soccer seasons. These results highlight that, in long-term training, the monitoring of the adaptive responses in relation to the training load may provide a guideline to optimize the trainability of some performance variables in young elite soccer players (13-15 years). In the present study, we cannot exclude the influence of growth and maturation on some performance variables; therefore, the monitored adaptive responses should be considered as the possible results of an interaction between the applied training load and maturation.
本研究的目的是调查年轻的精英足球运动员在接受为期两年的有监督训练计划后爆发力和耐力的适应性变化。19名有7年训练经验的球员（年龄：13.3±0.1岁；体重：57.9±4.9千克；身高：168.9±4.7厘米；体重指数：20.1±1.1千克/平方米）自愿参与了本研究。测试在第一（T1）、第二（T2）和第三年（T3）的准备期开始时进行。测量了以下性能变量：爆发力[深蹲跳（SJ）和纵跳（CMJ）]、预拉伸增强（CMJ-SJ）、腿部刚度[单脚跳测试（HT）]、短跑成绩[15米（SSP15）和30米（SSP30）]、有氧耐力[莱热测试（VO2max）]、最大心率[在莱热测试的最后阶段（HR）]以及速度力量耐力[连续纵跳（CCMJ）]。在两个足球赛季中观察到VO2Max（+5.72%；F(2.49)=3.822；p = 0.029；效应量=1.00）、HR（-1.70%；F(2.54)=3.472；p = 0.038；效应量=0.97）、CCMJ（+7.64%；F(2.54)=5.438；p = 0.007；效应量=1.15）、SJ（+10.26%；F(2.54)=15.254；p = 0.0001；效应量=1.53）、CMJ（+7.36；F(2.54)=8.270；p = 0.001；效应量=1.33）、HT（+8.34%；F(2.48)=3.297；p = 0.046；效应量=1.01）、SSP15（-3.50%；F(2.44)=12.760；p = 0.0001；效应量=1.53）和SSP30（-4.44%；F(2.44)=5.797；p = 0.006；效应量=1.16）有显著的主效应。这些结果表明，在长期训练中，监测与训练负荷相关的适应性反应可能为优化年轻精英足球运动员（13 - 15岁）某些性能变量的可训练性提供指导。在本研究中，我们不能排除生长和成熟对某些性能变量的影响；因此，监测到的适应性反应应被视为所施加的训练负荷与成熟之间相互作用的可能结果。
