Gollan Tamar H, Goldrick Matthew
Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego.
Department of Linguistics, Northwestern University.
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2018 Jan;44(1):143-156. doi: 10.1037/xlm0000462. Epub 2017 Aug 7.
The current study investigated the possibility that language switches could be relatively automatically triggered by context. , in which bilinguals switched languages on a single word in midsentence and then immediately switched back, were contrasted with more complete whole-language switches, in which bilinguals completed a full phrase (or more) in the switched to language before switching back. Speech production was elicited by asking Spanish-English bilinguals to read aloud mixed-language paragraphs that manipulated switch type (single word, whole language), part of speech (switches on function or content words), and default language (dominant language English or nondominant Spanish). Switching difficulty was measured by production of translation-equivalent language intrusion errors (e.g., mistakenly saying instead of ). Controlling for word length (more errors on short vs. long words), intrusions were produced most often with function word targets in the single-word switch condition, and whole-language switches reduced production of intrusion errors for function but not content word targets. Speakers were also more likely to produce intrusions when intending to produce words in the dominant language-a reversed dominance effect. Finally, switches out of the default language elicited many errors, but switches back into the default language rarely elicited errors. The context-sensitivity of switching difficulty, particularly for function words, implies that some language switches are triggered automatically by control processes involving selection of a default language at a syntactic level. At a later processing stage, an independent form-level monitoring process prevents production of some planned intrusion errors before they are produced overtly. (PsycINFO Database Record
当前的研究调查了语境是否能相对自动地触发语言切换的可能性。研究将双语者在句子中间对单个单词进行语言切换然后立即切换回来的情况，与更完整的全语言切换进行了对比，在全语言切换中，双语者在切换回原语言之前先用切换后的语言完成一个完整的短语（或更多）。通过要求西班牙裔 - 英语双语者大声朗读混合语言段落来引发言语产生，这些段落操纵了切换类型（单个单词、全语言）、词性（在功能词或实词上的切换）和默认语言（主导语言英语或非主导语言西班牙语）。通过产生翻译等效的语言侵入错误（例如，错误地说 而不是 ）来衡量切换难度。在控制单词长度（短单词比长单词产生更多错误）的情况下，在单个单词切换条件下，功能词目标最常产生侵入错误，而全语言切换减少了功能词目标的侵入错误产生，但对实词目标没有影响。说话者在打算用主导语言产生单词时也更有可能产生侵入错误——一种反向优势效应。最后，从默认语言切换会引发许多错误，但切换回默认语言很少引发错误。切换难度的语境敏感性，特别是对于功能词而言，意味着一些语言切换是由涉及在句法层面选择默认语言的控制过程自动触发的。在稍后的处理阶段，一个独立的形式层面监测过程会在一些计划好的侵入错误明显产生之前阻止其产生。（PsycINFO数据库记录
