Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, City South Campus, Westbourne Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 3TN, UK.
Division of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Building, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
Sports Med. 2018 May;48(5):1117-1149. doi: 10.1007/s40279-017-0835-7.
Middle- and long-distance running performance is constrained by several important aerobic and anaerobic parameters. The efficacy of strength training (ST) for distance runners has received considerable attention in the literature. However, to date, the results of these studies have not been fully synthesized in a review on the topic.
This systematic review aimed to provide a comprehensive critical commentary on the current literature that has examined the effects of ST modalities on the physiological determinants and performance of middle- and long-distance runners, and offer recommendations for best practice.
Electronic databases were searched using a variety of key words relating to ST exercise and distance running. This search was supplemented with citation tracking. To be eligible for inclusion, a study was required to meet the following criteria: participants were middle- or long-distance runners with ≥ 6 months experience, a ST intervention (heavy resistance training, explosive resistance training, or plyometric training) lasting ≥ 4 weeks was applied, a running only control group was used, data on one or more physiological variables was reported. Two independent assessors deemed that 24 studies fully met the criteria for inclusion. Methodological rigor was assessed for each study using the PEDro scale.
PEDro scores revealed internal validity of 4, 5, or 6 for the studies reviewed. Running economy (RE) was measured in 20 of the studies and generally showed improvements (2-8%) compared to a control group, although this was not always the case. Time trial (TT) performance (1.5-10 km) and anaerobic speed qualities also tended to improve following ST. Other parameters [maximal oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]), velocity at [Formula: see text], blood lactate, body composition] were typically unaffected by ST.
Whilst there was good evidence that ST improves RE, TT, and sprint performance, this was not a consistent finding across all works that were reviewed. Several important methodological differences and limitations are highlighted, which may explain the discrepancies in findings and should be considered in future investigations in this area. Importantly for the distance runner, measures relating to body composition are not negatively impacted by a ST intervention. The addition of two to three ST sessions per week, which include a variety of ST modalities are likely to provide benefits to the performance of middle- and long-distance runners.
中长跑性能受到多种重要的有氧和无氧参数的限制。力量训练（ST）对长跑运动员的效果在文献中受到了相当多的关注。然而，迄今为止，这些研究的结果在关于该主题的综述中尚未得到充分综合。
本系统评价旨在对目前检查 ST 方式对中长跑运动员生理决定因素和表现的影响的文献进行全面的批判性评论，并为最佳实践提供建议。
使用与 ST 运动和长跑相关的各种关键词对电子数据库进行搜索。该搜索还辅以引文追踪。为了有资格被纳入，研究必须满足以下标准：参与者是具有≥6 个月经验的中长跑运动员，进行了≥4 周的 ST 干预（重阻力训练、爆发力阻力训练或增强式训练），使用了仅跑步的对照组，报告了一个或多个生理变量的数据。两名独立评估者认为，24 项研究完全符合纳入标准。使用 PEDro 量表评估每项研究的方法学严谨性。
PEDro 评分显示，所审查的研究中有 4、5 或 6 项具有内部有效性。20 项研究测量了跑步经济性（RE），与对照组相比，通常有（2-8%）的提高，尽管并非总是如此。ST 后，计时赛（TT）表现（1.5-10km）和无氧速度素质也往往会提高。其他参数[最大摄氧量（[Formula: see text]）、[Formula: see text]时的速度、血乳酸、身体成分]通常不受 ST 影响。
虽然有很好的证据表明 ST 可以提高 RE、TT 和冲刺表现，但这并不是所有审查的作品都一致的发现。突出了几个重要的方法学差异和局限性，这可能解释了研究结果的差异，应该在该领域的未来研究中考虑。对长跑运动员来说，重要的是，ST 干预不会对身体成分测量产生负面影响。每周增加两到三次 ST 训练，包括各种 ST 方式，可能会提高中长跑运动员的表现。
