Lundquist Björn, Vangsnes Øystein A
Department of Linguistics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
Department of Language, Literature, Mathematics and Interpreting, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway.
Front Psychol. 2018 Aug 20;9:1394. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01394. eCollection 2018.
The aim of this study was to find out how people process the dialectal variation encountered in the daily linguistic input. We conducted an eye tracking study (Visual Word Paradigm) that targeted the online processing of grammatical gender markers. Three different groups of Norwegian speakers took part in the experiment: one group of students from the capital Oslo, and two groups of dialect speakers of the Sogn dialect of Western Norway. One Sogn group was defined as "stable dialect speakers," and one as "unstable dialect speakers," based on a background questionnaire. The students participated in two eye tracking experiments each, one conducted in the their own dialect, and one in the other dialect (i.e., Sogn dialect for the Oslo students, and Oslo dialect for the Sogn students). The gender systems in the two dialects differ: the Sogn dialect makes an obligatory three-gender split (Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter) whereas the Oslo dialect only obligatorily makes a two gender distinction. The research question was whether speakers could use gender markers to predict the upcoming target noun in both local and non-local dialect mode, and furthermore, if they correctly could adjust their expectations based on dialect mode. The results showed that the Sogn speakers could predict upcoming linguistic material both in the local and Oslo dialect, but only the stable group were able to adjust their predictions based on the dialect mode. The unstable group applied a more general Oslo-compatible parsing to both the local and the non-local dialect. The Oslo speakers on the other hand were able to use gender markers as predictors only in their own dialect. We argue that the stable Sogn group should be treated as a bilingual group, as they show native-like skills in both varieties, while the unstable Sogn group can be seen as accommodated monolinguals, in that they treat the two varieties as sharing an underspecified grammar. The Oslo group on the other hand lacks sufficient competence in the other dialect to make use of grammatical markers to make predictions.
本研究的目的是探究人们如何处理日常语言输入中遇到的方言变体。我们进行了一项眼动追踪研究（视觉词范式），该研究针对语法性标记的在线处理。三组不同的挪威语使用者参与了实验：一组来自首都奥斯陆的学生，以及两组说挪威西部松恩方言的人。根据一份背景调查问卷，其中一组松恩方言使用者被定义为“稳定方言使用者”，另一组为“不稳定方言使用者”。学生们每人参与了两项眼动追踪实验，一项用他们自己的方言进行，另一项用另一种方言（即奥斯陆学生用松恩方言，松恩学生用奥斯陆方言）。两种方言的性系统不同：松恩方言有强制性的三性划分（阳性、阴性和中性），而奥斯陆方言只强制性地进行两性区分。研究问题是，使用者是否能够在本地和非本地方言模式下使用性标记来预测即将出现的目标名词，此外，他们是否能够根据方言模式正确调整自己的预期。结果表明，松恩方言使用者能够在本地和奥斯陆方言中预测即将出现的语言材料，但只有稳定组能够根据方言模式调整他们的预测。不稳定组对本地和非本地方言都采用了更通用的与奥斯陆方言兼容的句法分析。另一方面，奥斯陆方言使用者只能在他们自己的方言中使用性标记作为预测指标。我们认为，稳定的松恩方言组应被视为双语组，因为他们在两种变体中都表现出类似母语者的技能，而不稳定的松恩方言组可以被视为适应后的单语者，因为他们将这两种变体视为共享一种未明确规定的语法。另一方面，奥斯陆组在另一种方言中缺乏足够的能力来利用语法标记进行预测。
