Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako, Saitama, 351-0197, Japan.
National Institute of Public Health, Wako, Japan.
Food Environ Virol. 2019 Mar;11(1):9-19. doi: 10.1007/s12560-018-9361-5. Epub 2018 Dec 17.
We investigated the present forms of genogroup II norovirus and group A rotavirus in surface water used for drinking water production. River water samples (N = 15) collected at a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) monthly from June 2017 to August 2018 were fractioned by filtration through 10- and 0.45-μm-pore-size membranes, and viruses present in suspended and dissolved forms were quantitatively detected. Norovirus GII was present in > 10-μm- and 0.45-10-μm-suspended and dissolved forms with detection rates of 33%, 60%, and 87%, respectively. Rotavirus A was detected more frequently than norovirus GII in each form (> 10 μm suspended, 73%; 0.45-10 μm suspended, 93%; dissolved, 100%). We also analyzed surface water samples from 21 DWTPs all over Japan in non-epidemic and epidemic seasons of gastroenteritis. Norovirus GII was detected in 48% and 81% of samples with the concentrations of up to 4.1 and 5.3 log copies/L in dissolved form in non-epidemic and epidemic seasons, respectively, and GII.4 Sydney 2012 was predominant genotype followed by GII.2. Rotavirus A was detected in 95% and 86% of samples with the maximum concentrations of 5.5 and 6.3 log copies/L in dissolved form in respective seasons. Concentration of norovirus GII was similar in 0.45-10-μm suspended and dissolved forms, while there was a significant difference for rotavirus A (P < 0.01, pared t test), indicating that rotavirus A was less associated with suspended solids in the surface water samples compared to norovirus GII. Our observations provide important implications for understanding of viral behavior in environmental waters.
我们调查了饮用水生产中使用的地表水中基因 II 组诺如病毒和 A 组轮状病毒的现代表型。2017 年 6 月至 2018 年 8 月，每月从一家饮用水处理厂（DWTP）采集河水水样（N=15），通过 10-μm 和 0.45-μm 孔径的膜过滤进行分级，并定量检测悬浮和溶解形式存在的病毒。诺如病毒 GII 存在于>10-μm 和 0.45-10-μm 的悬浮和溶解形式中，检出率分别为 33%、60%和 87%。轮状病毒 A 在每种形式中的检出率均高于诺如病毒 GII（>10 μm 悬浮，73%；0.45-10 μm 悬浮，93%；溶解，100%）。我们还分析了日本 21 家 DWTP 在非流行和流行季节的地表水样本。在非流行和流行季节，诺如病毒 GII 的检出率分别为 48%和 81%，溶解形式的浓度分别高达 4.1 和 5.3 log 拷贝/L，GII.4 悉尼 2012 是主要的基因型，其次是 GII.2。轮状病毒 A 的检出率分别为 95%和 86%，溶解形式的浓度分别高达 5.5 和 6.3 log 拷贝/L。诺如病毒 GII 在 0.45-10-μm 悬浮和溶解形式中的浓度相似，而轮状病毒 A 则存在显著差异（P<0.01，配对 t 检验），表明轮状病毒 A 与地表水样本中的悬浮固体的相关性低于诺如病毒 GII。我们的观察结果为了解环境水中病毒的行为提供了重要意义。
