Division of Child Development and Community Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Macul, Chile.
Acta Diabetol. 2019 Apr;56(4):473-479. doi: 10.1007/s00592-018-1264-2. Epub 2019 Jan 11.
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases. While cigarette smoking is associated with MetS in adults, young adulthood is an under-studied, susceptible period for developing long-term morbidity from MetS. We examined associations between cigarette smoking and MetS risk factors.
We studied 430 participants in Santiago, Chile who have been followed in a longitudinal cohort since infancy and assessed in adolescence for MetS. Participants were evaluated at 22 years from May 2015 to July 2017. Adiposity, blood pressure, and blood samples were measured. MetS was defined using International Diabetes Federation criteria. A continuous MetS score was calculated using z-scores. Participants self-reported cigarette and alcohol consumption using standardized questionnaires. We used multivariate regressions to examine associations between smoking and MetS risk factors, adjusting for sex, MetS in adolescence, alcohol consumption, and socioeconomic status.
Thirteen percent of participants had MetS and 50% were current smokers. Among smokers, mean age of initiation was 14.9 years and consumption was 29 cigarettes weekly. Smokers had larger waist circumferences, higher BMIs, and lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol compared to non-smokers. Being a current smoker was significantly associated with higher waist circumference (β = 2.82; 95% CI 0.63, 5.02), lower HDL (β = - 3.62; 95% CI - 6.19, - 1.04), higher BMI (β = 1.22; 95% CI 0.16, 2.28), and higher MetS score (β = 0.13, 95% CI 0.02, 0.24).
Cigarette smoking at light levels (mean < 30 cigarettes weekly) was associated with MetS risk factors in a sample of Chilean young adults.
代谢综合征（MetS）是心血管代谢疾病风险因素的聚集。虽然吸烟与成年人的代谢综合征有关，但青年期是一个易患代谢综合征长期发病的未被充分研究的易感期。我们研究了吸烟与代谢综合征风险因素之间的关系。
我们研究了智利圣地亚哥的 430 名参与者，他们自婴儿期起就一直在一个纵向队列中接受随访，并在青少年时期评估代谢综合征。参与者在 2015 年 5 月至 2017 年 7 月期间在 22 岁时接受评估。测量了肥胖、血压和血液样本。使用国际糖尿病联合会标准定义代谢综合征。使用 z 分数计算连续的代谢综合征评分。参与者使用标准化问卷报告吸烟和饮酒情况。我们使用多元回归来研究吸烟与代谢综合征风险因素之间的关系，调整了性别、青少年时期的代谢综合征、饮酒和社会经济地位。
13%的参与者患有代谢综合征，50%的参与者是当前吸烟者。在吸烟者中，起始吸烟的平均年龄为 14.9 岁，每周吸烟 29 支。与非吸烟者相比，吸烟者的腰围更大，BMI 更高，高密度脂蛋白（HDL）胆固醇水平更低。当前吸烟与更大的腰围（β=2.82；95%置信区间 0.63, 5.02）、更低的 HDL（β=-3.62；95%置信区间-6.19, -1.04）、更高的 BMI（β=1.22；95%置信区间 0.16, 2.28）和更高的代谢综合征评分（β=0.13，95%置信区间 0.02, 0.24）显著相关。
在智利年轻成年人样本中，低水平（平均每周吸烟量<30 支）的吸烟与代谢综合征风险因素有关。
