Shah Sonalee
Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Government Dental College, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.
J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2018 Sep-Dec;22(3):375-381. doi: 10.4103/jomfp.JOMFP_171_18.
For generations, blood has been the medium of choice for diagnosing most diseases and conditions. The reason for this is mainly the limitations of technology. The concept of oral diagnostics is preferred to more invasive methods. In recent years, it has become evident that the salivary constituents become detectably altered in response to certain disease states. Even so, what is most impressive is that salivary biomarkers not only arise in correlation with oral disorders but also those of distal tissues and organs. This suggests that oral fluids may represent a substantial reservoir of molecular and microbial information capable of communicating the onset or presence of disease throughout the body. An initiative of the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research created a roadmap to achieve these goals whereby, with the use of oral fluids as the diagnostic medium, it would become possible to scrutinize the health and/or disease status of patients. The real promise of salivary analysis use is the ability of the patient or clinician to directly and continuously assess disease status, progression and therapeutic efficacy. The sensitive analysis may even allow presymptomatic diagnosis. There are five major diagnostic alphabets available in saliva namely, proteins, messenger RNAs, micro-RNAs (mi-RNAs), metabolic compounds and microbes which offer substantial advantages for salivary diagnostics because, the state of the disease may be associated with detectable changes in one, but not all, dimensions. Recently, the Salivaomics Knowledge Base (SKB) has been established by aligning the salivary biomarker discovery. The SKB constitutes data repository, management system and web resource fabricated to support human salivary proteomics, transcriptomics, miRNA, metabolomics and microbiome research.
几代人以来，血液一直是诊断大多数疾病和病症的首选介质。其原因主要是技术的局限性。相比于侵入性更强的方法，口腔诊断的概念更受青睐。近年来，有一点已变得很明显，即唾液成分会因某些疾病状态而发生可检测到的变化。即便如此，最令人印象深刻的是，唾液生物标志物不仅与口腔疾病相关，还与远端组织和器官的疾病相关。这表明口腔液体可能代表了一个大量的分子和微生物信息库，能够传达全身疾病的发生或存在情况。美国国立牙科和颅面研究所发起了一项倡议，制定了实现这些目标的路线图，即通过使用口腔液体作为诊断介质，有可能仔细检查患者的健康和/或疾病状况。唾液分析应用的真正前景在于患者或临床医生能够直接且持续地评估疾病状态、进展和治疗效果。灵敏的分析甚至可能实现症状前诊断。唾液中有五种主要的诊断“字母”，即蛋白质、信使核糖核酸、微小核糖核酸（miRNA）、代谢化合物和微生物，它们为唾液诊断提供了显著优势，因为疾病状态可能与某一个而非所有维度上可检测到的变化相关。最近，通过整合唾液生物标志物发现建立了唾液组学知识库（SKB）。SKB由数据存储库、管理系统和网络资源构成，旨在支持人类唾液蛋白质组学、转录组学、miRNA、代谢组学和微生物组研究。
