Rostoks Nils, Grantiņa-Ieviņa Lelde, Ieviņa Baiba, Evelone Velta, Valciņa Olga, Aleksejeva Inese
Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas Street, LV-1004, Latvia.
Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", 3 Lejupes Street, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia.
Heliyon. 2019 Feb 15;5(2):e01242. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01242. eCollection 2019 Feb.
Genetically modified organisms (GMO), mainly crop plants, are increasingly grown worldwide leading to large trade volumes of living seeds and other plant material both for cultivation and for food and animal feed. Even though all the traded GMOs have been assessed for their safety with regards to human and animal health and the environment, there still are some concerns regarding the potential uncontrolled release in the environment of authorized or unauthorized GM plants. In this review, we identify the possible entrance routes of GM seeds and other propagating plant material in the EU which could be linked to unauthorized release of GMOs in the environment. In addition, we discuss the situation with GM plant cultivation in some non-EU countries in terms of potential risks for GM seed imports. The available body of information suggests that GM seeds and plant propagating material can enter the EU due to problems with labeling/traceability of GM seed lots, contamination of conventional seed lots and accidental release into the environment of grains imported for food and animal feed. Even though cases of uncontrolled release of authorized GMOs, as well as, release of unauthorized GMOs have been reported, they can be generally attributed to adventitious and technically unavoidable presence with little environmental impact. In conclusion, the probability of GM seeds and plant propagating material illegally entering the cultivation in EU is unlikely. However, specific monitoring programs need to be established and maintained to facilitate the compliance of European farmers with the current GMO legislation.
转基因生物（GMO），主要是农作物，在全球范围内的种植面积日益增加，导致用于种植以及作为食品和动物饲料的活种子和其他植物材料的贸易量巨大。尽管所有交易的转基因生物都已针对其对人类、动物健康和环境的安全性进行了评估，但对于经授权或未经授权的转基因植物在环境中可能出现的不受控制的释放，仍存在一些担忧。在本综述中，我们确定了转基因种子和其他植物繁殖材料在欧盟可能的进入途径，这些途径可能与转基因生物在环境中的未经授权释放有关。此外，我们从转基因种子进口的潜在风险方面讨论了一些非欧盟国家的转基因植物种植情况。现有信息表明，转基因种子和植物繁殖材料可能由于转基因种子批次的标签/可追溯性问题、常规种子批次的污染以及进口用于食品和动物饲料的谷物意外释放到环境中而进入欧盟。尽管已报告了经授权的转基因生物不受控制的释放以及未经授权的转基因生物的释放情况，但这些情况通常可归因于偶然且技术上不可避免的存在，对环境影响较小。总之，转基因种子和植物繁殖材料非法进入欧盟种植的可能性不大。然而，需要建立并维持特定的监测计划，以促进欧洲农民遵守现行的转基因生物法规。
