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低地亚马逊雨林中蝙蝠对栖息地转换的群落水平响应:物种组成与生物多样性

Guild-level responses of bats to habitat conversion in a lowland Amazonian rainforest: species composition and biodiversity.

作者信息

Willig Michael R, Presley Steven J, Plante Jean-Luc, Bloch Christopher P, Solari Sergio, Pacheco Victor, Weaver Scott C

机构信息

Center for Environmental Sciences & Engineering and Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.

Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, USA.

出版信息

J Mammal. 2019 Feb 28;100(1):223-238. doi: 10.1093/jmammal/gyz023.

DOI:10.1093/jmammal/gyz023
PMID:30846887
原文链接:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6394116/
Abstract

Landscape modification represents one of the most severe threats to biodiversity from local to global scales. Conversion of forest to agricultural production generally results in patches of habitat that subdivide or isolate populations, alter the behavior of species, modify interspecific interactions, reduce biodiversity, and compromise ecosystem processes. Moreover, conversion may increase exposure of humans to zoonoses to which they would otherwise rarely be exposed. We evaluated the effects of forest conversion to agriculture, and its subsequent successional dynamics, on bat communities in a region of the Amazon that was predominantly closed-canopy rainforest. Based on a nonmanipulative experiment, we quantified differences in species composition, community structure, and taxonomic biodiversity among closed-canopy forest (bosque), agricultural lands (chacra), and secondary forest (purma) for two phyllostomid guilds (frugivores and gleaning animalivores) during the wet and dry seasons. Responses were complex and guild-specific. For frugivores, species composition (species abundance distributions) differed between all possible pairs of habitats in both wet and dry seasons. For gleaning animalivores, species composition differed between all possible pairs of habitats in the dry season, but no differences characterized the wet season. Ecological structure (rank abundance distributions) differed among habitats in guild-specific and season-specific manners. For frugivores, mean diversity, evenness, and dominance were greater in bosque than in purma; mean dominance was greater in bosque than in chacra, but local rarity was greater in chacra than in bosque, and no differences were manifest between purma and chacra. For gleaning animalivores, mean diversity and evenness were greater in bosque than in purma, but no differences were manifest between chacra and bosque, or between purma and chacra. Such results have important implications for management, conservation, and the epidemiology of zoonotic diseases. La actual modificación del paisaje, a escalas que van de lo local a lo global, es una de las amenazas más severas a la biodiversidad. De manera general, la conversión de bosques a áreas agrícolas produce parches de hábitat que subdividen o aíslan poblaciones, alteran la conducta de las especies, modifican las interacciones interespecíficas, reducen la biodiversidad y comprometen las funciones de los ecosistemas. Más aún, la transformación de estos ambientes puede incrementar la probabilidad de que las poblaciones humanas interactúen con zoonosis con las que de otra manera raramente entrarían en contacto. Evaluamos los efectos de la conversión de hábitat en comunidades de murciélagos en una región de Amazonia en la que la vegetación dominante es un bosque lluvioso de copas cerradas, y en la cual los efectos de la conversión a usos agrícolas sobre la biodiversidad, y la subsecuente dinámica sucesional, son aún poco comprendidos. Por medio de un experimento no-manipulativo, cuantificamos las diferencias en composición de especies, estructura de la comunidad y diversidad taxonómica entre bosque cerrado (bosque), áreas agrícolas (chacra) y bosque secundario (purma) para dos gremios tróficos de murciélagos filostómidos (frugívoros y forrajeadores de sustrato) durante dos temporadas (secas y lluvias). Las respuestas fueron complejas y diferentes para cada gremio. Para los frugívoros, la composición de especies (distribución de las abundancias) fue diferente para todos los posibles pares de hábitats tanto para secas como para lluvias. Para los forrajeadores de sustrato, la composición de especies difirió entre todos los posibles pares de hábitats en la temporada seca, pero no en la de lluvias. La estructura ecológica (distribuciones rango-abundancia) fue también específica para gremios y temporadas. Para los frugívoros, la diversidad promedio, equidad y dominancia fueron mayores en bosque que en purma; la dominancia promedio fue mayor en bosque que en chacra, pero la rareza local fue mayor en chacra que en bosque, y no se encontraron diferencias entre purma y chacra. Para los forrajeadores de sustrato, la diversidad promedio y la dominancia fueron mayores en bosque que en purma, pero no se detectaron diferencias entre chacra y bosque, o entre purma y chacra. Estos resultados tienen importantes implicaciones para el manejo, conservación y epidemiología de zoonosis.

摘要

景观改变是从地方到全球尺度上对生物多样性最严重的威胁之一。森林转变为农业生产通常会导致栖息地斑块化,从而细分或隔离种群,改变物种行为,改变种间相互作用,减少生物多样性,并损害生态系统过程。此外,这种转变可能会增加人类接触人畜共患病的机会,否则他们很少会接触到这些疾病。我们评估了在亚马逊地区一片以封闭树冠雨林为主的区域,森林转变为农业及其后续演替动态对蝙蝠群落的影响。基于一项非操纵性实验,我们量化了在雨季和旱季,两个叶口蝠类群(食果蝠和食虫蝠)在封闭树冠森林(博斯克)、农田(查克拉)和次生林(普尔马)之间的物种组成、群落结构和分类生物多样性的差异。结果很复杂且具有类群特异性。对于食果蝠,在雨季和旱季,所有可能的栖息地对之间的物种组成(物种丰度分布)都不同。对于食虫蝠,在旱季所有可能的栖息地对之间的物种组成不同,但在雨季没有差异。生态结构(秩丰度分布)在栖息地之间以类群特异性和季节特异性的方式存在差异。对于食果蝠,博斯克的平均多样性、均匀度和优势度高于普尔马;博斯克的平均优势度高于查克拉,但查克拉的局部稀有度高于博斯克,普尔马和查克拉之间没有差异。对于食虫蝠,博斯克的平均多样性和均匀度高于普尔马,但查克拉与博斯克之间、普尔马与查克拉之间没有差异。这些结果对人畜共患病的管理、保护和流行病学具有重要意义。

当前从地方到全球尺度的景观改变是对生物多样性最严重的威胁之一。一般来说,森林转变为农业用地会产生栖息地斑块,这些斑块会细分或隔离种群,改变物种行为,改变种间相互作用,减少生物多样性并损害生态系统功能。此外,这种环境转变可能会增加人类与原本很少接触的人畜共患病相互作用的可能性。我们评估了在亚马逊地区一个以封闭树冠雨林为主的区域,栖息地转变对蝙蝠群落的影响,在该区域,转变为农业用途对生物多样性的影响以及随后的演替动态仍知之甚少。通过一项非操纵性实验,我们量化了封闭树冠森林(博斯克)、农业用地(查克拉)和次生林(普尔马)之间,两个叶口蝠类食性类群(食果蝠和底物觅食者)在两个季节(旱季和雨季)的物种组成、群落结构和分类多样性的差异。反应是复杂的,并且因类群而异。对于食果蝠,在旱季和雨季,所有可能的栖息地对之间的物种组成(丰度分布)都不同。对于底物觅食者,在旱季所有可能的栖息地对之间的物种组成不同,但在雨季没有差异。生态结构(秩 - 丰度分布)在类群和季节上也具有特异性。对于食果蝠,博斯克的平均多样性、公平性和优势度高于普尔马;博斯克的平均优势度高于查克拉,但查克拉的局部稀有度高于博斯克,普尔马和查克拉之间没有差异。对于底物觅食者,博斯克的平均多样性和优势度高于普尔马,但在查克拉与博斯克之间或普尔马与查克拉之间未检测到差异。这些结果对人畜共患病的管理、保护和流行病学具有重要意义。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/caee/6394116/c06d2606e43c/gyz02305.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/caee/6394116/baf368f7a857/gyz02301.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/caee/6394116/0d798dba16a8/gyz02302.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/caee/6394116/2867bde16c09/gyz02303.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/caee/6394116/a2ae3c3c8f62/gyz02304.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/caee/6394116/c06d2606e43c/gyz02305.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/caee/6394116/baf368f7a857/gyz02301.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/caee/6394116/0d798dba16a8/gyz02302.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/caee/6394116/2867bde16c09/gyz02303.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/caee/6394116/a2ae3c3c8f62/gyz02304.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/caee/6394116/c06d2606e43c/gyz02305.jpg

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