Dafale Nishant A, Srivastava Shweta, Purohit Hemant J
CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440 020 India.
Indian J Microbiol. 2020 Jun;60(2):139-152. doi: 10.1007/s12088-020-00860-z. Epub 2020 Mar 4.
Current scenario in communicable diseases has generated new era that identifies the "One health" approach to understand the sharing and management of etiological agents with its impact on ecosystem. Under this context the relevance of zoonotic diseases generates major concern. The indiscriminate and higher use of antibiotics in animal husbandry creates substantial pressure on the gut microbiome for development of resistance due to shorter generation time and high density. Thus, gut works as a bioreactor for the breeding of ARBs in this scenario and are continuously released in different niches. These ARBs transfer resistance genes among native flora through horizontal gene transfer events, vectors and quorum sensing. About 60% of infectious diseases in human are caused by zoonotic pathogens have potential to carry ARGs which could be transmitted to humans. The well documented zoonotic diseases are anthrax cause by , bovine tuberculosis by , brucellosis by , and hemorrhagic colitis by . Similarly, most of the antibiotics are not completely metabolized and released in unmetabolized forms which enters the food chain and affect various ecological niches through bioaccumulation. The persistence period of antibiotics ranges from < 1 to 3466 days in environment. The consequences of misusing the antibiotic in livestock and their fate in various ecological niches have been discussed in this review. Further the light sheds on antibiotics persistence and it biodegradation through different abiotic and biotic approaches in environment. The knowledge on personnel hygiene and strong surveillance system for zoonotic disease including ARBs transmission, prevention and control measures should be established to regulate the spread of AMR in the environment and subsequently to the human being through a food web.
当前传染病的形势开创了一个新时代，该时代确定了“同一健康”方法，以了解病原体的共享和管理及其对生态系统的影响。在此背景下，人畜共患病的相关性引发了重大关注。畜牧业中抗生素的滥用和大量使用，由于动物世代时间短和密度高，给肠道微生物群带来了巨大的耐药性发展压力。因此，在这种情况下，肠道就像一个生物反应器，用于繁殖抗生素耐药菌，并不断释放到不同的生态位中。这些抗生素耐药菌通过水平基因转移事件、载体和群体感应在本地菌群之间转移耐药基因。人类约60%的传染病是由人畜共患病原体引起的，这些病原体有可能携带可传播给人类的耐药基因。有充分记录的人畜共患病有炭疽（由……引起）、牛结核病（由……引起）、布鲁氏菌病（由……引起）和出血性结肠炎（由……引起）。同样地，大多数抗生素不能完全代谢，会以未代谢的形式释放出来，进入食物链，并通过生物累积影响各种生态位。抗生素在环境中的持续时间从小于1天到3466天不等。本综述讨论了在牲畜中滥用抗生素的后果及其在各种生态位中的归宿。此外，还介绍了抗生素在环境中的持久性及其通过不同的非生物和生物方法进行的生物降解。应建立关于个人卫生的知识以及针对人畜共患病（包括抗生素耐药菌传播）的强大监测系统、预防和控制措施，以规范抗生素耐药性在环境中的传播，并随后通过食物网传播给人类。
