Zarà Marta, Amadio Patrizia, Campodonico Jeness, Sandrini Leonardo, Barbieri Silvia S
Unit of Brain-Heart axis: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, via Parea 4, 20138 Milan, Italy.
Intensive Cardiac Care Unit, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, via Parea 4, 20138 Milan, Italy.
Diagnostics (Basel). 2020 Nov 12;10(11):943. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics10110943.
Exosomes are nano-sized biovesicles of endocytic origin physiologically released by nearly all cell types into surrounding body fluids. They carry cell-specific cargos of protein, lipids, and genetic materials and can be selectively taken up by neighboring or distant cells. Since the intrinsic properties of exosomes are strictly influenced by the state of the parental cell and by the cellular microenvironment, the analysis of exosome origin and content, and their cell-targeting specificity, make them attractive as possible diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. While the possible role of exosomes as messengers and a regenerative tool in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is actively investigated, the evidence about their usefulness as biomarkers is still limited and incomplete. Further complications are due to the lack of consensus regarding the most appropriate approach for exosome isolation and characterization, both important issues for their effective clinical translation. As a consequence, in this review, we will discuss the few information currently accessible about the diagnostic/prognostic potential of exosomes in CVDs and on the methodologies available for exosome isolation, analysis, and characterization.
外泌体是几乎所有细胞类型生理上释放到周围体液中的内吞起源的纳米级生物囊泡。它们携带细胞特异性的蛋白质、脂质和遗传物质货物，并且可以被邻近或远处的细胞选择性摄取。由于外泌体的内在特性受到亲代细胞状态和细胞微环境的严格影响，对外泌体起源和内容及其细胞靶向特异性的分析，使其作为可能的诊断和预后生物标志物具有吸引力。虽然外泌体作为心血管疾病（CVD）中的信使和再生工具的可能作用正在积极研究中，但关于它们作为生物标志物的有用性的证据仍然有限且不完整。进一步的复杂性在于，对于外泌体分离和表征的最合适方法缺乏共识，这两个都是其有效临床转化的重要问题。因此，在本综述中，我们将讨论目前可获得的关于外泌体在CVD中的诊断/预后潜力以及外泌体分离、分析和表征可用方法的少量信息。
