Kato Takaaki
Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, Fujisawa, Japan.
Front Sports Act Living. 2020 Apr 29;2:40. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00040. eCollection 2020.
In Kendo (Japanese fencing), "Enzan no Metsuke" is an important (technique) that is applied by expert Kendo fighters. It involves looking at the opponent's eyes with "a gaze toward the far mountain," taking in not only the opponent's face but also his or her whole body. Over the last few decades, a considerable number of studies on visual search behaviors in sport have been conducted. Yet, there are few articles that examine visual search behaviors in combat sports, such as martial arts. This study aimed to analyze the visual search strategies used by expert Kendo fighters through sparring practices to discuss what "Enzan no Metsuke" is under experimental, but natural (), conditions. Ten experts, 10 novices, and one (a master of Kendo) participated in this study. The fighters wore a mobile eye tracker and faced a real opponent. They were instructed to do the following in five different sessions: prepare themselves, practice their offense and defense techniques, and fight in a real (match). The results indicated differences in the visual search strategies between the , experts, and novices. The and experts fixated on their opponent's eyes or head region most of the time and adopted a visual search strategy involving fewer fixations of longer duration. Conversely, novices set their eyes mainly on the opponent's (sword). Only the always looked at the opponent's eyes, even during the preparation, offense, and defense sessions. and experts set their "visual pivot" on the opponent's eyes quietly, even when the opponent tried to attack with the . Novices, however, moved their eyes up and down based on the influence of their opponent's movements. As these results indicate, novices tried to search for detailed information about their opponent and processed visual information depending on their focal vision, whereas and experts absorbed information not from their opponent's eyes but from their entire body by utilizing their peripheral vision; this means that and experts could see an opening or opportunity and react instantaneously by using "Enzan no Metsuke."
在剑道（日本剑术）中，“远山目付”是剑道高手运用的一项重要（技巧）。它要求以“望向远山的目光”注视对手的眼睛，不仅要观察对手的面部，还要留意其全身。在过去几十年里，人们对体育运动中的视觉搜索行为进行了大量研究。然而，很少有文章探讨武术等格斗运动中的视觉搜索行为。本研究旨在通过对练实践分析剑道高手所采用的视觉搜索策略，以便在实验但自然（）的条件下探讨“远山目付”究竟是什么。十名高手、十名新手和一名（剑道大师）参与了本研究。参与者佩戴可移动眼动仪，与真实对手对峙。他们被要求在五个不同环节中进行如下操作：做好准备、练习攻防技巧以及进行实战（比赛）。结果表明，高手和新手在视觉搜索策略上存在差异。高手和专家在大多数时间里注视对手的眼睛或头部区域，采用的是注视次数较少但持续时间较长的视觉搜索策略。相反，新手的目光主要集中在对手的（剑）上——只有大师始终注视对手的眼睛，即使在准备、进攻和防守环节也是如此。高手和专家会将“视觉支点”悄然置于对手的眼睛上，即便对手试图挥剑攻击时也是如此。然而，新手的眼睛会根据对手动作的影响上下移动。正如这些结果所示，新手试图寻找关于对手的详细信息，并依靠中央视觉处理视觉信息，而高手和专家则利用周边视觉从对手的全身而非眼睛获取信息；这意味着高手和专家能够利用“远山目付”看到破绽或机会并立即做出反应。
