Heino Elias, Ellonen Noora, Kaltiala Riittakerttu
Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
Front Psychol. 2021 Jan 8;11:612424. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.612424. eCollection 2020.
During adolescence, bullying often has a sexual content. Involvement in bullying as a bully, victim or both has been associated with a range of negative health outcomes. Transgender youth appear to face elevated rates of bullying in comparison to their mainstream peers. However, the involvement of transgender youth as perpetrators of bullying remains unclear in the recent literature.
The aim of this study was to compare involvement in bullying between transgender and mainstream youth and among middle and late adolescents in a general population sample.
Our study included 139,829 students in total, divided between a comprehensive school and an upper secondary education sample. Associations between gender identity and involvement in bullying were first studied using cross-tabulations with chi-square statistics. Logistic regression was used to study multivariate associations. Gender identity was used as the independent variable, with cisgender as the reference category. Subjection to and perpetration of bullying were entered each in turn as the dependent variable. Demographic factors, family characteristics, internalizing symptoms, externalizing behaviors, and involvement in bullying in the other role were added as confounding factors. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) are given. The limit for statistical significance was set at < 0.001.
Both experiences of being bullied and perpetrating bullying were more commonly reported by transgender youth than by cisgender youth. Among transgender youth, all involvement in bullying was more commonly reported by non-binary youth than those identifying with the opposite sex. Logistic regression revealed that non-binary identity was most strongly associated with involvement in bullying, followed by opposite sex identity and cisgender identity. Transgender identities were also more strongly associated with perpetration of bullying than subjection to bullying.
Transgender identity, especially non-binary identity, is associated with both being bullied and perpetrating bullying even when a range of variables including internal stress and involvement in bullying in the opposite role are taken into account. This suggests that bullying during adolescence may serve as a mechanism of maintaining heteronormativity.
在青少年时期，欺凌行为往往带有性方面的内容。作为欺凌者、受害者或两者兼而有之参与欺凌行为，与一系列负面健康结果相关。与主流同龄人相比，跨性别青少年似乎面临更高的欺凌发生率。然而，在最近的文献中，跨性别青少年作为欺凌行为实施者的情况仍不明确。
本研究的目的是比较普通人群样本中跨性别青少年与主流青少年之间以及青少年中期和晚期之间的欺凌行为参与情况。
我们的研究总共纳入了139829名学生，分为综合学校样本和高中教育样本。首先使用卡方统计的交叉表研究性别认同与欺凌行为参与之间的关联。采用逻辑回归研究多变量关联。将性别认同作为自变量，以顺性别作为参照类别。依次将遭受欺凌和实施欺凌作为因变量。将人口统计学因素、家庭特征、内化症状、外化行为以及在另一个角色中参与欺凌行为作为混杂因素纳入。给出了具有95%置信区间（95%CI）的比值比（OR）。统计学显著性的界限设定为<0.001。
与顺性别青少年相比，跨性别青少年报告的遭受欺凌和实施欺凌的经历更为常见。在跨性别青少年中，非二元性别青少年报告的所有欺凌行为参与情况比认同异性的青少年更为常见。逻辑回归显示，非二元性别认同与欺凌行为参与的关联最为强烈，其次是异性认同和顺性别认同。跨性别认同与实施欺凌的关联也比遭受欺凌更为强烈。
即使考虑到一系列变量，包括内在压力和在相反角色中参与欺凌行为等，跨性别认同，尤其是非二元性别认同，与遭受欺凌和实施欺凌均相关。这表明青少年时期的欺凌行为可能是维持异性恋规范的一种机制。
