Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Infectious Disease & Microbiome Program, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States.
Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021 Mar 1;11:595323. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.595323. eCollection 2021.
The gut microbiota of preterm infants is affected by perinatal factors and, in turn, may impact upon infant health. In this study, we collected fecal samples at Day-10 (D10) and 4-months corrected-age (4M) from 227 moderate-late preterm (MLPT) babies enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of nutritional management. A total of 320 samples underwent 16S amplicon sequencing, and shotgun metagenomic sequencing was performed on 94 samples from the 4M time point. The microbiome of babies whose families lived in lower socioeconomic status (SES) areas exhibited a significantly higher microbial alpha diversity at D10 (Wilcoxon test = 0.021), greater abundance of (linear model, q = 0.020) at D10 and (q = 0.031) at 4M. Hospital of birth explained 5.2% of the observed variance in 4M samples (PERMANOVA, = 0.038), with more abundant in fecal samples from babies born in Middlemore hospital (linear model, q = 0.016). Maternal antibiotic (Wilcoxon test, = 0.013) and probiotic ( = 0.04) usage within the four-week period before sample collection was associated with a reduction in the alpha diversity of D10 samples. Infant probiotic intake explained 2.1% (PERMANOVA, = 0.021) of the variance in the D10 microbial profile with increased (linear model, q = 1.1 × 10) levels. At 4M, the microbiome of infants who were breastmilk fed had reduced alpha diversity when compared to non-breastmilk fed infants (Wilcoxon test, < 0.05). Although causality cannot be inferred within our study, we conclude that in MLPT babies, maternal socioeconomic factors, as well as the perinatal medical environment and nutrition impact on the development of the newborn microbiome.
早产儿的肠道微生物群受围产期因素的影响，反过来又可能影响婴儿的健康。在这项研究中，我们从参加营养管理随机对照试验的 227 名中晚期早产儿 (MLPT) 婴儿中收集了 10 天（D10）和 4 个月校正年龄（4M）的粪便样本。共有 320 个样本进行了 16S 扩增子测序，94 个 4M 时间点的样本进行了 shotgun 宏基因组测序。家庭所在社会经济地位（SES）较低的婴儿的微生物组在 D10 时表现出明显更高的微生物 alpha 多样性（Wilcoxon 检验 = 0.021），D10 时的 （线性模型，q = 0.020）和 4M 时的 （q = 0.031）的丰度更高。分娩医院解释了 4M 样本中观察到的 5.2%的变异（PERMANOVA， = 0.038），Middlemore 医院出生的婴儿粪便样本中 更丰富（线性模型，q = 0.016）。在样本采集前四周内，母亲使用抗生素（Wilcoxon 检验， = 0.013）和益生菌（ = 0.04）与 D10 样本 alpha 多样性的减少有关。婴儿益生菌摄入解释了 D10 微生物谱的 2.1%的变异（PERMANOVA， = 0.021），增加了 （线性模型，q = 1.1 × 10）水平。在 4M 时，与非母乳喂养的婴儿相比，母乳喂养的婴儿的肠道微生物群的 alpha 多样性降低（Wilcoxon 检验， < 0.05）。尽管我们的研究不能推断因果关系，但我们得出结论，在 MLPT 婴儿中，母亲的社会经济因素以及围产期的医疗环境和营养会影响新生儿微生物组的发育。
