Hermann J Müller, Thomas Geyer, Franziska Günther, Jim Kacian, Stella Pierides
General and Experimental Psychology, LMU, Munich Germany.
Department of English and American Studies, LMU, Munich Germany.
J Eye Mov Res. 2017 Feb 28;10(1). doi: 10.16910/jemr.10.1.4.
In the present study, poets and cognitive scientists came together to investigate the construction of meaning in the process of reading normative, 3-line English-language haiku (ELH), as found in leading ELH journals. The particular haiku which we presented to our readers consisted of two semantically separable parts, or images, that were set in a 'tense' relationship by the poet. In our sample of poems, the division, or cut, between the two parts was positioned either after line 1 or after line 2; and the images related to each other in terms of either a context-action association (context-action haiku) or a conceptually more abstract association (juxtaposition haiku). From a constructivist perspective, understanding such haiku would require the reader to integrate these parts into a coherent 'meaning Gestalt', mentally (re-)creating the pattern intended by the poet (or one from within the poem's meaning potential). To examine this process, we recorded readers' eye movements, and we obtained measures of memory for the read poems as well as subjective ratings of comprehension difficulty and understanding achieved. The results indicate that processes of meaning construction are reflected in patterns of eye movements during reading (1st-pass) and re-reading (2nd- and 3rd-pass). From those, the position of the cut (after line 1 vs. after line 2) and, to some extent, the type of haiku (context-action vs. juxtaposition) can be 'recovered'. Moreover, post-reading, readers tended to explicitly recognize a particular haiku they had read if they had been able to understand the poem, pointing to a role of actually resolving the haiku's meaning (rather than just attempting to resolve it) for memory consolidation and subsequent retrieval. Taken together, these first findings are promising, suggesting that haiku can be a paradigmatic material for studying meaning construction during poetry reading.
在本研究中,诗人和认知科学家共同探讨了阅读主流英文俳句(ELH)期刊中规范性三行英文俳句(ELH)时意义构建的过程。我们向读者展示的特定俳句由两个语义上可分离的部分或意象组成,诗人将它们置于一种“紧张”的关系中。在我们的诗歌样本中,这两个部分之间的划分或“切割”要么位于第一行之后,要么位于第二行之后;并且这些意象在上下文 - 动作关联(上下文 - 动作俳句)或概念上更抽象的关联(并列俳句)方面相互关联。从建构主义的角度来看,理解这样的俳句需要读者在脑海中将这些部分整合为一个连贯的“意义完形”,在心理上(重新)创造出诗人所意图的模式(或者是诗歌意义潜能范围内的一种模式)。为了研究这个过程,我们记录了读者的眼动情况,并获取了读者对所读诗歌的记忆测量结果以及对理解难度和理解程度的主观评分。结果表明,意义构建过程反映在阅读(首次阅读)和重读(第二次及第三次阅读)过程中的眼动模式中。据此,可以“还原”切割的位置(第一行之后与第二行之后),并且在一定程度上还能“还原”俳句的类型(上下文 - 动作与并列)。此外,阅读后,如果读者能够理解一首特定的俳句,他们往往会明确认出自己读过的这首俳句,这表明实际解决俳句的意义(而不仅仅是尝试解决它)对于记忆巩固和后续检索具有重要作用。综上所述,这些初步发现很有前景,表明俳句可以成为研究诗歌阅读过程中意义构建的典型材料。