Gross Joachim, Junghöfer Markus, Wolters Carsten
Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignalanalysis, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Neuroscientist. 2023 Feb;29(1):62-77. doi: 10.1177/10738584211054742. Epub 2021 Dec 7.
Bioelectromagnetism has contributed some of the most commonly used techniques to human neuroscience such as magnetoencephalography (MEG), electroencephalography (EEG), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and transcranial electric stimulation (TES). The considerable differences in their technical design and practical use give rise to the impression that these are quite different techniques altogether. Here, we review, discuss and illustrate the fundamental principle of Helmholtz reciprocity that provides a common ground for all four techniques. We show that, more than 150 years after its discovery by Helmholtz in 1853, reciprocity is important to appreciate the strengths and limitations of these four classical tools in neuroscience. We build this case by explaining the concept of Helmholtz reciprocity, presenting a methodological account of this principle for all four methods and, finally, by illustrating its application in practical clinical studies.
生物电磁学为人类神经科学贡献了一些最常用的技术，如脑磁图（MEG）、脑电图（EEG）、经颅磁刺激（TMS）和经颅电刺激（TES）。它们在技术设计和实际应用上的显著差异让人觉得这些完全是不同的技术。在此，我们回顾、讨论并阐释亥姆霍兹互易原理，该原理为这四种技术提供了共同基础。我们表明，自1853年亥姆霍兹发现互易原理150多年后，互易原理对于理解这四种神经科学经典工具的优势和局限性至关重要。我们通过解释亥姆霍兹互易原理的概念、介绍这一原理在四种方法中的方法论阐述，最后说明其在实际临床研究中的应用来论证这一点。
