Wälti Marina, Sallen Jeffrey, Adamakis Manolis, Ennigkeit Fabienne, Gerlach Erin, Heim Christopher, Jidovtseff Boris, Kossyva Irene, Labudová Jana, Masaryková Dana, Mombarg Remo, De Sousa Morgado Liliane, Niederkofler Benjamin, Niehues Maike, Onofre Marcos, Pühse Uwe, Quitério Ana, Scheuer Claude, Seelig Harald, Vlček Petr, Vrbas Jaroslav, Herrmann Christian
Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Department of Educational Sciences & Didactics in Sport, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
Front Psychol. 2022 Apr 25;13:804753. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.804753. eCollection 2022.
Basic motor competencies (BMC) are a prerequisite for children to be physically active, participate in sports and thus develop a healthy, active lifestyle. The present study provides a broad screening of BMC and associations with age, sex, body mass index (BMI) and extracurricular physical activity (PA) in 10 different European countries. The different country and regional contexts within Europe will offer a novel view on already established BMC associations. The cross-sectional study was conducted in 11 regions in 10 European countries in 2018. The motor competence areas, (OM) and (SM), were assessed using the MOBAK-1-2 test instrument in 3758 first and second graders (age: = 6.86 ± 0.60 years; 50% girls) during Physical Education classes. Children were questioned about their extracurricular PA and age. Their body weight and height were measured in order to calculate BMI. Statistical analyses included variances and correlations. The results showed significant differences in BMC levels between countries (OM: = 18.74, < 0.001, η = 0.048; SM: = 73.10, < 0.001, η = 0.163) whereas associations between BMC and correlates were similar. Boys performed significantly better in OM while girls performed better in SM. Age was consistently positively related to OM and SM with older children reaching higher levels of BMC than younger ones. While participation rates for extracurricular PA differed widely, participation in ball sports was correlated with OM and SM. Participation in individual sports showed a significant association with SM. In summary, BMC levels of children seem to depend on where they live and are strongly related to their participation in extracurricular PA. Therefore, education and health policies, in order to enhance motor competence development and PA participation, are recommended. Further research on country-specific Physical Education frameworks and their influence on BMC will provide more insights into structural factors and cultural characteristics of BMC development. On a school level, support tools and educational materials for teachers about BMC may enable children to achieve a basic level of motor competencies through Physical Education, contributing to lifelong participation in PA.
基本运动能力（BMC）是儿童进行体育活动、参与体育运动并因此养成健康、积极生活方式的先决条件。本研究对10个不同欧洲国家的儿童基本运动能力及其与年龄、性别、体重指数（BMI）和课外体育活动（PA）之间的关系进行了广泛筛查。欧洲不同的国家和地区背景将为已确立的基本运动能力关联提供新的视角。这项横断面研究于2018年在10个欧洲国家的11个地区开展。在体育课上，使用MOBAK - 1 - 2测试工具对3758名一、二年级学生（年龄： = 6.86 ± 0.60岁；50%为女生）的运动能力领域（OM）和（SM）进行了评估。询问了孩子们的课外体育活动情况和年龄。测量了他们的体重和身高以计算BMI。统计分析包括方差和相关性分析。结果显示，各国之间基本运动能力水平存在显著差异（OM： = 18.74， < 0.001，η = 0.048；SM： = 73.10， < 0.001，η = 0.163），而基本运动能力与相关因素之间的关联相似。男孩在OM方面表现明显更好，而女孩在SM方面表现更好。年龄与OM和SM始终呈正相关，年龄较大的儿童比年龄较小的儿童达到更高的基本运动能力水平。虽然课外体育活动的参与率差异很大，但参与球类运动与OM和SM相关。参与个人运动与SM显示出显著关联。总之，儿童的基本运动能力水平似乎取决于他们的居住地，并且与他们参与课外体育活动密切相关。因此，建议制定教育和健康政策，以促进运动能力发展和体育活动参与。对特定国家的体育教育框架及其对基本运动能力的影响进行进一步研究，将为基本运动能力发展的结构因素和文化特征提供更多见解。在学校层面，为教师提供有关基本运动能力的支持工具和教育材料，可能使孩子们通过体育教育达到基本的运动能力水平，有助于他们终身参与体育活动。
