1Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
2University of Ottawa, Institute of Mental Health Research at The Royal, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
J Behav Addict. 2023 May 9;12(2):309-351. doi: 10.1556/2006.2023.00013. Print 2023 Jun 29.
Many new digital gambling-like activities such as loot boxes, esports betting, skin betting, and token wagering have recently emerged and grown in popularity. This scoping review aimed to: (a) synthesize the existing empirical research literature on gambling-like activities and their associations with gambling and video gaming behaviors, including problem gambling and video gaming; (b) identify sociodemographic, psychological, and motivational factors associated with engagement in gambling-like activities; and (c) identify research gaps and areas for further research.
A systematic search of Ovid, Embsco, and ProQuest databases and Google Scholar was conducted in May 2021 and last updated in February 2022. The search yielded a total of 2,437 articles. Articles were included in the review if they were empirical studies that contained quantitative or qualitative results regarding the relationship between gambling-like activities and gambling or gaming.
Thirty-eight articles met inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Overall, the review results suggest that all forms of gambling-like activities were positively associated with gambling and gaming with small to medium effects. Gambling-like activity participation was also positively associated with mental distress and impulsivity. Gaps identified included a lack of inquiry into skin betting and token wagering, a lack of diversity in the research methods (i.e., mainly cross-sectional surveys), and a paucity of research that includes more ethnically, culturally, and geographically diverse populations.
Longitudinal studies with more representative samples are needed to examine the causal link between gambling-like activities and gambling and video gaming.
许多新兴的数字类博彩活动，如战利品箱、电竞博彩、皮肤博彩和代币投注，近来已流行起来并受到广泛关注。本范围性综述旨在：(a) 综合现有关于类博彩活动及其与赌博和视频游戏行为关联的实证研究文献，包括赌博问题和视频游戏成瘾；(b) 确定与参与类博彩活动相关的社会人口学、心理和动机因素；(c) 确定研究空白和进一步研究的领域。
于 2021 年 5 月对 Ovid、Embsco 和 ProQuest 数据库及 Google Scholar 进行了系统性检索，最后一次更新是在 2022 年 2 月。检索共得到 2437 篇文章。如果文章包含有关类博彩活动与赌博或游戏之间关系的定量或定性结果，则将其纳入综述。
38 篇文章符合纳入标准并被纳入综述。总体而言，综述结果表明，所有形式的类博彩活动都与赌博和游戏呈正相关，关联程度为小到中等。类博彩活动的参与也与精神困扰和冲动性呈正相关。确定的研究空白包括缺乏对皮肤博彩和代币投注的研究、研究方法缺乏多样性（即主要是横断面调查），以及缺乏包括更多种族、文化和地理多样化人群的研究。
需要进行更多具有代表性样本的纵向研究，以检验类博彩活动与赌博和视频游戏之间的因果关系。
