Portable Chemical Sensors Lab, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil.
Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States.
ACS Nano. 2024 Jan 23;18(3):1757-1777. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01629. Epub 2024 Jan 8.
Many systems have been designed for the detection of SARS-CoV-2, which is the virus that causes COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 is readily transmitted, resulting in the rapid spread of disease in human populations. Frequent testing at the point of care (POC) is a key aspect for controlling outbreaks caused by SARS-CoV-2 and other emerging pathogens, as the early identification of infected individuals can then be followed by appropriate measures of isolation or treatment, maximizing the chances of recovery and preventing infectious spread. Diagnostic tools used for high-frequency testing should be inexpensive, provide a rapid diagnostic response without sophisticated equipment, and be amenable to manufacturing on a large scale. The application of these devices should enable large-scale data collection, help control viral transmission, and prevent disease propagation. Here we review functional nanomaterial-based optical and electrochemical biosensors for accessible POC testing for COVID-19. These biosensors incorporate nanomaterials coupled with paper-based analytical devices and other inexpensive substrates, traditional lateral flow technology (antigen and antibody immunoassays), and innovative biosensing methods. We critically discuss the advantages and disadvantages of nanobiosensor-based approaches compared to widely used technologies such as PCR, ELISA, and LAMP. Moreover, we delineate the main technological, (bio)chemical, translational, and regulatory challenges associated with developing functional and reliable biosensors, which have prevented their translation into the clinic. Finally, we highlight how nanobiosensors, given their unique advantages over existing diagnostic tests, may help in future pandemics.
许多系统都被设计用于检测导致 COVID-19 的 SARS-CoV-2 病毒。SARS-CoV-2 极易传播，导致疾病在人群中迅速传播。在护理点（POC）进行频繁的检测是控制由 SARS-CoV-2 和其他新出现的病原体引起的疫情的关键方面，因为早期识别感染个体可以随后采取适当的隔离或治疗措施，最大程度地提高康复机会并防止传染性传播。用于高频检测的诊断工具应该价格低廉，能够在没有复杂设备的情况下快速诊断，并能够大规模制造。这些设备的应用应该能够进行大规模的数据收集，有助于控制病毒传播，并防止疾病传播。在这里，我们回顾了基于功能纳米材料的光学和电化学生物传感器，用于易于在 POC 进行 COVID-19 检测。这些生物传感器将纳米材料与基于纸张的分析设备和其他廉价基质、传统的侧向流动技术（抗原和抗体免疫测定）以及创新的生物传感方法相结合。我们批判性地讨论了基于纳米生物传感器的方法与广泛使用的技术（如 PCR、ELISA 和 LAMP）相比的优缺点。此外，我们阐述了与开发功能可靠的生物传感器相关的主要技术、（生物）化学、转化和监管挑战，这些挑战阻碍了它们向临床的转化。最后，我们强调了纳米生物传感器如何凭借其相对于现有诊断测试的独特优势，在未来的大流行中可能会有所帮助。
