Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Nat Cardiovasc Res. 2023 Apr;2(4):351-367. doi: 10.1038/s44161-023-00232-y. Epub 2023 Apr 3.
The leading cause of death in the world, cardiovascular disease (CVD), remains a formidable condition for researchers, clinicians and patients alike. CVD comprises a broad collection of diseases spanning the heart, the vasculature and the blood that runs through and interconnects them. Limitations in CVD therapeutic and diagnostic landscapes have generated excitement for advances in nanomedicine, a field focused on improving patient outcomes through transformative therapies, imaging agents and ex vivo diagnostics. CVD nanomedicines are fundamentally shaped by their intended clinical application, including (1) cardiac or heart-related biomaterials, which can be functionally (for example, mechanically, immunologically, electrically) improved by incorporating nanomaterials; (2) the vasculature, involving systemically injected nanotherapeutics and imaging nanodiagnostics, nano-enabled biomaterials or tissue-nanoengineered solutions; and (3) improving the sensitivity and/or specificity of ex vivo diagnostic devices for patient samples. While immunotherapy has developed into a key pillar of oncology in the past dozen years, CVD immunotherapy and immunoimaging are recently emergent and likely to factor substantially in CVD management in the coming decade. The nanomaterials in CVD-related clinical trials and many promising preclinical strategies indicate that nanomedicine is on the cusp of greatly impacting patients with CVD. Here we review these recent advances, highlighting key clinical opportunities in the rapidly emerging field of CVD nanomedicine.
心血管疾病（CVD）是世界上的主要致死病因，它仍是研究人员、临床医生和患者面临的艰巨挑战。CVD 包含广泛的疾病，涉及心脏、血管以及在其中流动和相互连接的血液。CVD 治疗和诊断领域的局限性为纳米医学的发展带来了新的机遇，纳米医学专注于通过变革性疗法、成像剂和离体诊断来改善患者的预后。CVD 纳米药物主要受其预期临床应用的影响，包括（1）心脏或心脏相关生物材料，通过结合纳米材料可以在功能上（例如，在机械、免疫、电气方面）得到改善；（2）血管系统，涉及全身性注射的纳米治疗药物和成像纳米诊断、纳米增强生物材料或组织纳米工程解决方案；（3）提高用于患者样本的离体诊断设备的灵敏度和/或特异性。尽管免疫疗法在过去十几年中已发展成为肿瘤学的一个重要支柱，但 CVD 免疫疗法和免疫成像最近才出现，并且很可能在未来十年内成为 CVD 管理的重要因素。临床试验中的纳米材料和许多有前途的临床前策略表明，纳米医学即将对 CVD 患者产生重大影响。在这里，我们回顾了这些最新进展，重点介绍了 CVD 纳米医学这一快速发展领域中的关键临床机遇。
