Costa P T, McCrae R R
J Gerontol. 1976 Sep;31(5):564-70. doi: 10.1093/geronj/31.5.564.
A cluster analytic approach was used to determine possible age differences in the structure of personality as measured by the Cattell Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire. Subjects were 969 adult male volunteers, originally divided into three groups: 25 to 34, 35 to 54, and 55 to 82. Two familiar dimensions of personality, Anxiety-Adjustment and Introversion-Extraversion, were found to be cross sectionally stable. A third cluster dimension, interpreted as openness to experience, showed age-related differences. Young subjects showed openness to feelings; middle-aged subjects showed openness to ideas; and old subjects showed a balanced openness to both feelings and ideas. Repartitioning of the sample into two groups (ages 25 to 43 and 44 to 82), and three groups (25 to 39, 40 to 47, and 48 to 82) confirmed these age differences in the third cluster. The interpretation of the third cluster is discussed in terms of Jung's concepts of psychological functions.
采用聚类分析方法，以卡特尔十六种人格因素问卷来确定人格结构中可能存在的年龄差异。研究对象为969名成年男性志愿者，最初分为三组：25至34岁、35至54岁、55至82岁。研究发现，人格的两个常见维度，即焦虑-适应和内向-外向，在横截面上是稳定的。第三个聚类维度被解释为对经验的开放性，呈现出与年龄相关的差异。年轻受试者表现出对情感的开放性；中年受试者表现出对思想的开放性；老年受试者则表现出对情感和思想的平衡开放性。将样本重新划分为两组（25至43岁和44至82岁）以及三组（25至39岁、40至47岁和48至82岁），证实了第三个聚类中存在的这些年龄差异。并依据荣格的心理功能概念对第三个聚类的解释进行了讨论。
