Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics.
Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive, Aix-Marseille University.
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2014 Jan;40(1):284-92. doi: 10.1037/a0034060. Epub 2013 Aug 19.
We examined language-switching effects in French-English bilinguals using a paradigm where pictures are always named in the same language (either French or English) within a block of trials, and on each trial, the picture is preceded by a printed word from the same language or from the other language. Participants had to either make a language decision on the word or categorize it as an animal name or not. Picture-naming latencies in French (Language 1 [L1]) were slower when pictures were preceded by an English word than by a French word, independently of the task performed on the word. There were no language-switching effects when pictures were named in English (L2). This pattern replicates asymmetrical switch costs found with the cued picture-naming paradigm and shows that the asymmetrical pattern can be obtained (a) in the absence of artificial (nonlinguistic) language cues, (b) when the switch involves a shift from comprehension in 1 language to production in another, and (c) when the naming language is blocked (univalent response). We concluded that language switch costs in bilinguals cannot be reduced to effects driven by task control or response-selection mechanisms.
我们使用一种范式来研究法英双语者的语言切换效应，在这种范式中，在一组试验中，图片总是用同一种语言（法语或英语）命名，并且在每个试验中，图片前面都有一个来自同一语言或另一种语言的印刷单词。参与者必须对单词做出语言决定，或者将其归类为动物名称或不是。当图片前面是英语单词而不是法语单词时，说法语（语言 1 [L1]）的图片命名潜伏期会变慢，而与在单词上执行的任务无关。当用英语命名图片时（L2），则没有语言切换效应。这种模式复制了带有提示图片命名范式的不对称切换成本，并表明可以获得不对称模式（a）在没有人为（非语言）语言提示的情况下，（b）当切换涉及从一种语言的理解到另一种语言的产生时，以及（c）当命名语言被阻断（单值响应）时。我们得出结论，双语者的语言切换成本不能简化为受任务控制或反应选择机制驱动的效应。
