Corbin William R, Papova Anna, Morean Meghan E, O'Malley Stephanie S, Krishnan-Sarin Suchitra, Abi-Dargham Anissa, Anticevic Alan, Pearlson Godfrey, Petrakis Ismene, Pittman Brian P, Krystal John H
Department of Psychology, Arizona State University.
Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine.
Psychol Addict Behav. 2015 Dec;29(4):864-74. doi: 10.1037/adb0000093. Epub 2015 Sep 7.
The acquired preparedness model (APM) posits that alcohol expectancies mediate effects of personality traits on drinking outcomes, whereas the dual process model (DPM) suggests that top-down behavioral control (e.g., self-control) moderates the impact of bottom-up risk factors such as alcohol expectancies. This study sought to integrate the APM and DPM by examining the extent to which indirect effects of impulsive sensation seeking on drinking outcomes are moderated by self-control. We hypothesized that the APM may hold more strongly for people who are higher in self-control, as they may engage in alcohol use for the explicit purpose of meeting sensation-seeking goals. Data were from 462 participants (ages 15-63 years; 58.4% male) who completed 1 of 5 studies affiliated with the Center for the Translational Neuroscience of Alcoholism. Consistent with the APM, higher levels of impulsive sensation seeking were associated with stronger positive expectancies, which, in turn, contributed to heavier drinking and related problems. Consistent with the DPM, among nondependent drinkers, indirect effects of impulsive sensation seeking on alcohol use were present only among those who were high in self-control. These findings suggest that expectancy challenges may be most effective for those with high levels of self-control prior to the development of alcohol dependence. However, future studies integrating the APM and DPM should include both implicit and explicit measures of expectancies to address the possibility that individuals with lower levels of self-control may be more influenced by automatic or implicit influences and may, therefore, respond well to implicit expectancy challenges.
习得性准备模型（APM）假定，饮酒预期在人格特质对饮酒结果的影响中起中介作用，而双过程模型（DPM）则表明，自上而下的行为控制（如自我控制）会调节诸如饮酒预期等自下而上的风险因素的影响。本研究试图通过考察冲动性感觉寻求对饮酒结果的间接影响在多大程度上受到自我控制的调节，来整合APM和DPM。我们假设，对于自我控制能力较强的人来说，APM可能更适用，因为他们可能为了实现感觉寻求目标而有目的地饮酒。数据来自462名参与者（年龄在15 - 63岁之间；58.4%为男性），他们完成了与酒精中毒转化神经科学中心相关的5项研究中的1项。与APM一致，较高水平的冲动性感觉寻求与更强的积极预期相关，而这反过来又导致饮酒量增加和相关问题。与DPM一致，在非依赖饮酒者中，冲动性感觉寻求对饮酒行为的间接影响仅存在于自我控制能力高的人当中。这些发现表明，在酒精依赖发展之前，预期挑战可能对自我控制能力高的人最有效。然而，未来整合APM和DPM的研究应包括预期的隐性和显性测量，以解决自我控制能力较低的个体可能更容易受到自动或隐性影响，因此可能对隐性预期挑战反应良好的可能性。
