Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Environ Health Perspect. 2019 Jan;127(1):17003. doi: 10.1289/EHP3644.
Children are especially vulnerable to pesticide exposure and can suffer lasting health effects. Because children of farmworkers are exposed to a variety of pesticides throughout development, it is important to explore temporal patterns of coexposures.
The objectives of this study were to characterize the pesticide co-exposures, determine how they change over time, and assess differences between farmworker and nonfarmworker households.
Dust collected from 40 farmworker and 35 nonfarmworker households in the Yakima Valley of the State of Washington in 2005 and then again in 2011 was analyzed for 99 pesticides. Eighty-seven pesticides representing over 28 classes were detected. Pesticides were grouped into classes using U.S. EPA pesticide chemical classifications, and trends in concentrations were analyzed at the class level.
Levels of organophosphates, pyridazinones, and phenols significantly decreased between 2005 and 2011 in both farmworker and nonfarmworker households. Levels of anilides, 2,6-dinitroanilines, chlorophenols, triclosan, and guanidines significantly increased in both farmworker and nonfarmworker households in 2011 vs. 2005. Among farmworkers alone, there were significantly lower levels of -methyl carbamates and neonicotinoids in 2011.
We observed significant reductions in the concentrations of many pesticides over time in both farmworker and nonfarmworker households. Although nonfarmworker households generally had lower concentrations of pesticides, it is important to note that in comparison with NHANES participants, nonfarmworkers and their families still had significantly higher concentrations of urinary pesticide metabolites. This finding highlights the importance of detailed longitudinal exposure monitoring to capture changes in agricultural and residential pesticide use over time. This foundation provides an avenue to track longitudinal pesticide exposures in an intervention or regulatory context. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP3644.
儿童特别容易受到农药暴露的影响，并可能遭受持久的健康影响。由于农场工人的子女在整个发育过程中都会接触到各种农药，因此探索共同暴露的时间模式非常重要。
本研究的目的是描述农药的共同暴露情况，确定其随时间的变化，并评估农场工人家庭和非农场工人家庭之间的差异。
2005 年和 2011 年，从华盛顿州雅基马山谷的 40 个农场工人家庭和 35 个非农场工人家庭收集灰尘，然后对 99 种农药进行分析。检测到 87 种农药，代表 28 个以上的类别。使用美国环保署的农药化学分类法将农药分类，在类别水平上分析浓度的趋势。
2005 年至 2011 年间，无论是农场工人家庭还是非农场工人家庭，有机磷、哒嗪酮和酚类的水平均显著下降。2011 年，无论是农场工人家庭还是非农场工人家庭，酰胺类、2,6-二硝基苯胺类、氯酚类、三氯生和胍类的水平均显著升高。仅在农场工人中，2011 年的-甲基氨基甲酸酯和新烟碱类的水平显著降低。
我们观察到，无论是在农场工人家庭还是非农场工人家庭，随着时间的推移，许多农药的浓度都显著降低。尽管非农场工人家庭的农药浓度总体较低，但值得注意的是，与 NHANES 参与者相比，非农场工人及其家属的尿液中农药代谢物浓度仍然显著较高。这一发现强调了详细的纵向暴露监测对于捕捉农业和住宅农药使用随时间变化的重要性。这一基础为在干预或监管背景下跟踪纵向农药暴露提供了途径。
