Utilizing Automated Breast Cancer Detection to Identify Spatial Distributions of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Invasive Breast Cancer.

Quantitative assessment of spatial relations between tumor and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) is increasingly important in both basic science and clinical aspects of breast cancer research. We have developed and evaluated convolutional neural network analysis pipelines to generate combined maps of cancer regions and TILs in routine diagnostic breast cancer whole slide tissue images. The combined maps provide insight about the structural patterns and spatial distribution of lymphocytic infiltrates and facilitate improved quantification of TILs. Both tumor and TIL analyses were evaluated by using three convolutional neural network networks (34-layer ResNet, 16-layer VGG, and Inception v4); the results compared favorably with those obtained by using the best published methods. We have produced open-source tools and a public data set consisting of tumor/TIL maps for 1090 invasive breast cancer images from The Cancer Genome Atlas. The maps can be downloaded for further downstream analyses.