Sachin Kumar, Karn Santosh Kumar
Department of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, India.
Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Dehradun, India.
Front Chem. 2021 Apr 20;9:617353. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2021.617353. eCollection 2021.
The emergence of nanosystems for different biomedical and drug delivery applications has drawn the attention of researchers worldwide. The likeness of microorganisms including bacteria, yeast, algae, fungi, and even viruses toward metals is well-known. Higher tolerance to toxic metals has opened up new avenues of designing microbial fabricated nanomaterials. Their synthesis, characterization and applications in bioremediation, biomineralization, and as a chelating agent has been well-documented and reviewed. Further, these materials, due to their ability to get functionalized, can also be used as theranostics i.e., both therapeutic as well as diagnostic agents in a single unit. Current article attempts to focus particularly on the application of such microbially derived nanoformulations as a drug delivery and targeting agent. Besides metal-based nanoparticles, there is enough evidence wherein nanoparticles have been formulated using only the organic component of microorganisms. Enzymes, peptides, polysaccharides, polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), poly-(amino acids) are amongst the most used biomolecules for guiding crystal growth and as a capping/reducing agent in the fabrication of nanoparticles. This has promulgated the idea of complete green chemistry biosynthesis of nano-organics that are most sought after in terms of their biocompatibility and bioavailability.
用于不同生物医学和药物递送应用的纳米系统的出现引起了全球研究人员的关注。微生物（包括细菌、酵母、藻类、真菌，甚至病毒）对金属的趋性是众所周知的。对有毒金属的更高耐受性为设计微生物制造的纳米材料开辟了新途径。它们在生物修复、生物矿化以及作为螯合剂方面的合成、表征和应用已有充分记录和综述。此外，由于这些材料具有功能化的能力，它们还可以用作治疗诊断剂，即在一个单元中同时作为治疗剂和诊断剂。当前文章特别关注此类微生物衍生的纳米制剂作为药物递送和靶向剂的应用。除了基于金属的纳米颗粒外，有足够的证据表明仅使用微生物的有机成分就可以制备纳米颗粒。酶、肽、多糖、聚羟基脂肪酸酯（PHA）、聚氨基酸是在纳米颗粒制造中最常用的生物分子，用于引导晶体生长以及作为封端/还原剂。这催生了完全绿色化学合成纳米有机物的想法，这种纳米有机物在生物相容性和生物利用度方面是最受追捧的。
