Shafiee Ali, Iravani Siavash, Varma Rajender S
Department of Chemistry Cape Breton University Sydney Canada.
Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran.
MedComm (2020). 2022 Feb 9;3(1):e118. doi: 10.1002/mco2.118. eCollection 2022 Mar.
Graphene-based materials have shown immense pertinence for sensing/imaging, gene/drug delivery, cancer therapy/diagnosis, and tissue engineering/regenerative medicine. Indeed, the large surface area, ease of functionalization, high drug loading capacity, and reactive oxygen species induction potentials have rendered graphene- (G-) and graphene oxide (GO)-based (nano)structures promising candidates for cancer therapy applications. Various techniques namely liquid-phase exfoliation, Hummer's method, chemical vapor deposition, chemically reduced GO, mechanical cleavage of graphite, arc discharge of graphite, and thermal fusion have been deployed for the production of G-based materials. Additionally, important criteria such as biocompatibility, bio-toxicity, dispersibility, immunological compatibility, and inflammatory reactions of G-based structures need to be systematically assessed for additional clinical and biomedical appliances. Furthermore, surface properties (e.g., lateral dimension, charge, corona influence, surface structure, and oxygen content), concentration, detection strategies, and cell types are vital for anticancer activities of these structures. Notably, the efficient accumulation of anticancer drugs in tumor targets/tissues, controlled cellular uptake properties, tumor-targeted drug release behavior, and selective toxicity toward the cells are crucial criteria that need to be met for developing future anticancer G-based nanosystems. Herein, important challenges and future perspectives of cancer therapy using G- and GO-based nanosystems have been highlighted, and the recent advancements are deliberated.
基于石墨烯的材料在传感/成像、基因/药物递送、癌症治疗/诊断以及组织工程/再生医学方面显示出巨大的相关性。事实上，大表面积、易于功能化、高药物负载能力以及活性氧诱导潜力使基于石墨烯（G）和氧化石墨烯（GO）的（纳米）结构成为癌症治疗应用中有前景的候选材料。已经采用了各种技术，即液相剥离、Hummer法、化学气相沉积、化学还原氧化石墨烯、石墨的机械裂解、石墨的电弧放电和热熔合来制备基于G的材料。此外，对于更多的临床和生物医学应用，需要系统地评估基于G的结构的生物相容性、生物毒性、分散性、免疫相容性和炎症反应等重要标准。此外，表面性质（如横向尺寸、电荷、电晕影响、表面结构和氧含量）、浓度、检测策略和细胞类型对于这些结构的抗癌活性至关重要。值得注意的是，抗癌药物在肿瘤靶点/组织中的有效积累、可控的细胞摄取特性、肿瘤靶向药物释放行为以及对细胞的选择性毒性是开发未来基于G的抗癌纳米系统需要满足的关键标准。在此，强调了使用基于G和GO的纳米系统进行癌症治疗的重要挑战和未来前景，并对最近的进展进行了讨论。
