Dyląg Mariusz, Spychała Klaudyna, Zielinski Jessica, Łagowski Dominik, Gnat Sebastian
Department of Mycology and Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland.
Student Scientific Circle (SKN Mykobiota), Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland.
Biology (Basel). 2022 Feb 23;11(3):352. doi: 10.3390/biology11030352.
In nature, there are many species of fungi known to produce various mycotoxins, allergens and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), as well as the commonly known etiological agents of various types of mycoses. So far, none of them have provoked so much emotion among homeowners, builders, conservators, mycologists and clinicians as Stachybotrys chartarum. This species compared to fungi of the genera Fusarium and Aspergillus is not as frequently described to be a micromycete that is toxigenic and hazardous to human and animal health, but interest in it has been growing consistently for three decades. Depending on the authors of any given review article, attention is focused either on the clinical aspects alongside the role of this fungus in deterioration of biomaterials, or aspects related to its biology, ecology and taxonomic position. On the one hand, it is well established that inhalation of conidia, containing the highest concentrations of toxic metabolites, may cause serious damage to the mammalian lung, particularly with repeated exposure. On the other hand, we can find articles in which authors demonstrate that S. chartarum conidia can germinate and form hyphae in lungs but are not able to establish an effective infection. Finally, we can find case reports that suggest that S. chartarum infection is linked with acute pulmonary hemorrhage, based on fungal structures recovered from patient lung tissue. New scientific reports have verified the current state of knowledge and note that clinical significance of this fungus is exceedingly controversial. For these reasons, understanding S. chartarum requires reviewing the well-known toxigenic features and harmful factors associated with this fungus, by gathering the newest ones into a coherent whole. The research problem related to this fungus seems to be not overly publicized, and there is still a demand to truthfully define the real threats of S. chartarum and phylogenetically related species. The most important problem, which should be fully elucidated as soon as possible, remains the clarification of the pathogenicity of S. chartarum and related species. Maybe it is urgent time to ask a critical question, namely what exactly do we know 28 years after the outbreak of pulmonary hemorrhage in infants in Cleveland, Ohio, USA most likely caused by S. chartarum?
在自然界中，已知有许多真菌物种会产生各种霉菌毒素、过敏原和挥发性有机化合物（VOCs），以及各类真菌病的常见病原体。到目前为止，没有哪种真菌能像展青霉那样在房主、建筑商、文物保护者、真菌学家和临床医生中引发如此多的关注。与镰刀菌属和曲霉属的真菌相比，展青霉这种微真菌并不常被描述为具有产毒特性且对人类和动物健康有害，但在过去三十年里，人们对它的兴趣一直在持续增长。根据任何一篇综述文章的作者不同，关注点要么集中在临床方面以及这种真菌在生物材料降解中的作用，要么集中在与其生物学、生态学和分类地位相关的方面。一方面，众所周知，吸入含有最高浓度有毒代谢物的分生孢子可能会对哺乳动物的肺部造成严重损害，尤其是反复接触时。另一方面，我们可以找到一些文章，作者在其中表明展青霉分生孢子可以在肺部发芽并形成菌丝，但无法建立有效的感染。最后，我们可以找到病例报告，表明基于从患者肺组织中发现的真菌结构，展青霉感染与急性肺出血有关。新的科学报告已经核实了当前的知识状态，并指出这种真菌的临床意义极具争议性。出于这些原因，要了解展青霉，就需要通过将最新的研究成果整合为一个连贯的整体，来回顾与这种真菌相关的众所周知的产毒特性和有害因素。与这种真菌相关的研究问题似乎没有得到充分的宣传，仍然需要如实界定展青霉及其系统发育相关物种的真正威胁。最重要的问题，也是应该尽快全面阐明的问题，仍然是展青霉及相关物种的致病性的阐明。也许现在是迫切需要提出一个关键问题的时候了，即在美国俄亥俄州克利夫兰市婴儿肺部出血疫情爆发28年后，我们究竟对展青霉了解多少？那次疫情很可能是由展青霉引起的。
