Torricelli Fabrizio, Adrahtas Demetra Z, Bao Zhenan, Berggren Magnus, Biscarini Fabio, Bonfiglio Annalisa, Bortolotti Carlo A, Frisbie C Daniel, Macchia Eleonora, Malliaras George G, McCulloch Iain, Moser Maximilian, Nguyen Thuc-Quyen, Owens Róisín M, Salleo Alberto, Spanu Andrea, Torsi Luisa
Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Nat Rev Methods Primers. 2021;1. doi: 10.1038/s43586-021-00065-8. Epub 2021 Oct 7.
Electrolyte-gated transistors (EGTs), capable of transducing biological and biochemical inputs into amplified electronic signals and stably operating in aqueous environments, have emerged as fundamental building blocks in bioelectronics. In this Primer, the different EGT architectures are described with the fundamental mechanisms underpinning their functional operation, providing insight into key experiments including necessary data analysis and validation. Several organic and inorganic materials used in the EGT structures and the different fabrication approaches for an optimal experimental design are presented and compared. The functional bio-layers and/or biosystems integrated into or interfaced to EGTs, including self-organization and self-assembly strategies, are reviewed. Relevant and promising applications are discussed, including two-dimensional and three-dimensional cell monitoring, ultra-sensitive biosensors, electrophysiology, synaptic and neuromorphic bio-interfaces, prosthetics and robotics. Advantages, limitations and possible optimizations are also surveyed. Finally, current issues and future directions for further developments and applications are discussed.
电解质门控晶体管（EGT）能够将生物和生化输入转换为放大的电信号，并在水性环境中稳定运行，已成为生物电子学的基本构建模块。在本入门文章中，描述了不同的EGT架构及其功能运行的基本机制，深入介绍了关键实验，包括必要的数据分析和验证。介绍并比较了EGT结构中使用的几种有机和无机材料以及用于优化实验设计的不同制造方法。综述了集成到EGT中或与EGT接口的功能性生物层和/或生物系统，包括自组织和自组装策略。讨论了相关且有前景的应用，包括二维和三维细胞监测、超灵敏生物传感器、电生理学、突触和神经形态生物接口、假肢和机器人技术。还探讨了其优点、局限性和可能的优化方法。最后，讨论了当前的问题以及进一步发展和应用的未来方向。
