Russell M A, Jarvis M J, Feyerabend C, Saloojee Y
J Epidemiol Community Health. 1986 Mar;40(1):80-5. doi: 10.1136/jech.40.1.80.
Blood nicotine, cotinine, and carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) concentrations were measured in 392 smokers (255 women and 137 men) of "middle tar" (17-22 mg), "low to middle" (11-16 mg), and "low tar" (less than 11 mg) cigarettes. Since tar intake cannot yet be measured directly, we devised an index to estimate it based on the use of measured levels of an intake marker (eg, blood nicotine) and the ratio of the tar to marker yields of the cigarettes. This approach was validated by its ability to enhance the prediction of levels of one marker by use of another. In a practical test, using COHb and the CO/nicotine yield ratio of the cigarettes, the mean blood nicotine concentration of the low tar smokers was predicted to be 31.9 ng/ml compared with the measured mean of 31.8 ng/ml. Our main findings were that despite substantial compensatory increases in inhalation, the low tar smokers took in about 25% less tar, about 15% less nicotine, and about 10% less carbon monoxide than smokers of middle and low to middle tar cigarettes. These results indicate that low tar cigarettes of the type available in Britain since the late 1970s are likely to prove less harmful than other brands. Monitoring of smoke intakes could supplement epidemiological approaches and provide earlier evidence of whether changing cigarette designs lead to any significant dosage reduction that could affect the risk of disease.
对392名吸“中焦油”（17 - 22毫克）、“低到中焦油”（11 - 16毫克）和“低焦油”（低于11毫克）香烟的吸烟者（255名女性和137名男性）进行了血液中尼古丁、可替宁和碳氧血红蛋白（COHb）浓度的测量。由于焦油摄入量尚无法直接测量，我们设计了一个指数来估计它，该指数基于所测量的摄入标志物水平（如血液中的尼古丁）以及香烟焦油与标志物产率的比值。这种方法通过利用另一种标志物增强对一种标志物水平的预测能力而得到验证。在一个实际测试中，利用COHb和香烟的CO/尼古丁产率比，预测低焦油吸烟者的平均血液尼古丁浓度为31.9纳克/毫升，而测量的平均值为31.8纳克/毫升。我们的主要发现是，尽管低焦油吸烟者的吸入量有大幅补偿性增加，但与吸中焦油和低到中焦油香烟的吸烟者相比，他们摄入的焦油减少了约25%，尼古丁减少了约15%，一氧化碳减少了约10%。这些结果表明，自20世纪70年代末以来英国市面上销售的低焦油香烟可能比其他品牌危害更小。监测烟雾摄入量可以补充流行病学方法，并能更早地提供证据，表明改变香烟设计是否会导致任何显著的剂量减少，从而影响疾病风险。
